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				TryEngineering Search: Results You searched for: technology   1-1203 of 1203 <prev | 1 | show pages | next> Life of an Engineer Become an Engineer Become an Engineer Pre-University Student Opportunities Life of an Engineer Engineering Majors Life of an Engineer Life of an Engineer Play Games Play Games Links Links Life of an Engineer John Harding Computer Engineer Life of an Engineer Thomas Niederkorn Chemical Engineer Life of an Engineer Sarah Bergagnini Electrical Engineering, United States Life of an Engineer Lori Laird Biomedical Engineer Life of an Engineer Jessica Ewing Mechanical Engineering, United States Life of an Engineer Madeline Vega Electrical and Computer Engineer Life of an Engineer Paulette January Computer Scientist Life of an Engineer Arieta M L Gonelevu Renewable Energy/Electrical Engineer Life of an Engineer Kathlene West, P.E. Power Engineer Life of an Engineer Muhammad Inam Ul Haq Electrical Engineering, Pakistan Become an Engineer Aerospace Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Architectural Engineering Technology Architectural engineering technologists often work in architectural offices and assist in the building planning, design, construction, and operations or maintenance planning. Become an Engineer Automotive Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Bioengineering Bioengineering or Biomedical Engineering is a discipline that advances knowledge in engineering, biology, and medicine — and improves human health through cross-disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice. Become an Engineer Chemical Engineering Chemical engineers work in manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, design and construction, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, food processing, specialty chemicals, polymers, biotechnology, and environmental health and safety industries, among others. Become an Engineer Civil Engineering Today, civil engineers are in the forefront of technology. They are the leading users of sophisticated high-tech products - applying the very latest concepts in computer-aided design (CAD) during design, construction, project scheduling, and cost control. Become an Engineer Civil Engineering Technology Civil engineering technologists help civil engineers to plan and build highways, buildings, bridges, dams, wastewater treatment systems, and other structures, and to do related research. Become an Engineer Computer Engineering Technology Computer Engineering Technologists work in many industries at tasks including analog and digital design, microprocessor hardware and software applications, network administration and design, and digital communications. Become an Engineer Computer Science Design of next generation computer systems, computer networking, biomedical information systems, gaming systems, search engines, web browsers, and computerized package distribution systems are all examples of projects a computer scientist might work on. Become an Engineer Construction Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Electrical Engineering Technology Electrical and electronics engineering technologists help to design, develop, test, and manufacture electrical and electronic equipment such as communication equipment, radar, industrial and medical measuring or control devices, navigational equipment, and computers. Become an Engineer Electromechanical Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Environmental Engineering Technology Environmental engineering technologists work closely with environmental engineers and scientists in developing methods and devices used in the prevention, control, or correction of environmental hazards. Become an Engineer Industrial Engineering Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of production — people, machines, materials, information, and energy— to make a product or to provide a service. They are the bridge between management goals and operational performance. Become an Engineer Industrial Engineering Technology Industrial engineering technologists study the efficient use of personnel, materials, and machines in factories, stores, repair shops, and offices. They prepare layouts of machinery and equipment, plan the flow of work, make statistical studies, and analyze production costs. Become an Engineer Instrumentation Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Manufacturing Engineering Technology Manufacturing Engineering Technologists work in teams with others to develop tools, processes, machines and equipment to make quality products at a reasonable cost. Become an Engineer Materials Engineering Materials Engineering is a field of engineering that encompasses the spectrum of materials types and how to use them in manufacturing. Materials span the range: metals, ceramics, polymers (plastics), semiconductors, and combinations of materials called composites. Become an Engineer Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering is one of the largest, broadest, and oldest engineering disciplines. Mechanical engineers use the principles of energy, materials, and mechanics to design and manufacture machines and devices of all types. They create the processes and systems that drive technology and industry. Become an Engineer Mechanical Engineering Technology Mechanical engineering technologists help engineers to design, develop, test, and manufacture industrial machinery, consumer products, and other equipment. Become an Engineer Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Nuclear Engineering Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems for national laboratories, private industry, and universities that derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation for society. Become an Engineer Nuclear Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Other Engineering Degree Areas In addition to the main engineering fields covered within this section, there are several other accredited engineering fields to consider. Become an Engineer Other Engineering Technology Degree Areas In addition to the main engineering technology fields covered within this site, there are many ABET accredited engineering technology programs in other areas. Become an Engineer Plastics Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Software Engineering Computer software engineers apply the principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis to the design, development, testing, and evaluation of the software and systems that enable computers to perform their many applications. Become an Engineer Surveying Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Telecommunications Engineering Technology Become an Engineer Chemical Engineering Technology Chemical engineering technologists usually are employed in industries producing pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and petroleum products, among others. They work in laboratories as well as processing plants. Become an Engineer Bioengineering Technology Bioengineering Technologists focus on biomedical equipment. They may work on designs or applications, or may be responsible for installation planning, operation, or maintenance for biomedical equipment. Ask an Expert Q: I write from India; currently I am in my last year of pre-university schooling. I am very interested in engineering, and especially automobile engineering. I am really interested in designing automobiles. What are the top engineering schools in the world where I could pursue these interests? (1) Automobiles are designed mostly by mechanical engineers, though increasingly electrical and computer Engineers are responsible for important subsystems. (For a bibliography on Automobile Engineering, see the collection assembled by T.J. Misa: http://www.tc.umn.edu/~tmisa/biblios/automobile.html) (2) Almost all good mechanical engineering programs have an automobile design component, and if you choose one of the highly ranked mechanical engineering programs you can hardly go wrong. (3) The abbreviated US News and World Report rankings of engineering programs are available here: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/rankengineering_brief.php (4) A graduate program ranking (US) is available here (schools with strong graduate programs in mechanical engineering often have very good undergraduate programs in mechanical engineering as well): http://www.infozee.com/channels/ms/usa/mechanical-engineering-rankings.htm (5) An automated search for mechanical engineering graduate programs in the US is available here: http://www.phds.org/rankings/mechanical-engineering/ (6) For a comprehensive list of accredited mechanical engineering programs in the United States please visit http://www.tryengineering.com/university.php?country=United+States&tuitionscope=both (7) For a comprehensive list of accredited mechanical engineering programs in Canada please visit http://www.tryengineering.com/university.php?country=Canada&state=&program=Mechanical+Engineering&studentbody=&setting=&tuition=&tuitionscope=both (8) For other countries and parts of the world, see the site of the ASME "Worldwide Mechanical Engineering Department Websites," here: http://www.asme.org/Education/College/Worldwide_Department_Websites.cfm (8) Here are links to universities that have undergraduate, graduate, or research programs in automobile and automotive engineering. UCE Birmingham (UK) http://www.bcu.ac.uk/courses/automotive-engineering University of Hertfordshire, School of Aerospace, Automotive and Design Engineering (UK)http://www.herts.ac.uk/courses/subjects/automotive_engineering/undergraduate.cfm Loughborough University, Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering (UK) http://www.lboro.ac.uk/prospectus/ug/courses/dept/tt/aue/index.htm See also: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/esri/vehicle-road-safety/ The University of Sussex (UK) http://www.sussex.ac.uk/automotive/ (For a comprehensive list of schools in the UK with Automobile Engineering programs see the web page of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers in Britain: http://www.imeche.org) Jilin University (China) http://en.jlu.edu.cn/University/AcademicClassAction_getInfo.aspx?acMasterName=AcademicPrograms Tsinghua University, Department of Automotive Engineering (China) http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/docse/yxsz/thdae.html Hamburg University of Applied Science (Germany) http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de University of Ontario Institute of Technology (Canada) http://www.uoit.ca/calendar/0506/EN/main/programs/104984/automotive_engineering_112.html University of Windsor (Canada) http://www.uwindsor.ca/mame University of California Berkeley (US) http://vehicle.me.berkeley.edu/ Clemson University (US) http://www.clemson.edu/ces/departments/me/graduate/automotive/index.html George Washington University (US) http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/ University of Michigan (US) http://automotiveeng.engin.umich.edu/ University of Michigan - Dearborn (US) http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/IDP/mse_ase/ Ohio State University (US) http://car.eng.ohio-state.edu/ University of Wisconsin-Madison (US) http://powertrain.engr.wisc.edu/ Madras Institute of Technology (India) http://www.mitindia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=70 University of Bogazici (Turkey) http://www.boun.edu.tr/graduate/additional_programs/automotive_engineering.html Ecole Polytechnique de l'universite d'Orleans (France) http://www.univ-orleans.fr/polytech/index.php?rub=formations&page=gae Ask an Expert Q: I am about to select a major in engineering and would like to know the best major to select in order to excel in Nanotechnology. I hear that Nanotechnology holds enormous promise and can be helpful in areas from cleansing the air to treating bacterial infections. What schools, domestic and international, would you recommend? Nanotechnology is a relatively new collection of fields, all characterized by analysis, design and synthesis of structures whose dimensions are roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. The term Nanotechnology has been used recently within diverse fields such as Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Electrical, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, and sub-disciplines such as robotics. Nanotechnology was invoked in many different projects and sub-disciplines, including the design of new senors and actuators, drug delivery mechanisms, tissue engineering, design of semiconductor and optoelectronic devices, and a host of consumer goods applications. This is not a comprehensive list - you may be able to learn more in the Nanotechnology Now website (http://www.nanotech-now.com/) and in the portal of the Institute of Nanotechnology (http://www.nano.org.uk/whatis.htm). Opinions on the future of Nanotechnology vary. Some students of the field make bold predictions about a technological revolution that will be invoked by Nanotechnology. Others predict a more moderate rate of progress, involving gradual emergence of useful products and processes based on Nanotechnology. At the other extreme there are skeptics who claim that Nanotechnology is just a new fashionable name for old fields which have been studied for a while. There is certainly enough interest, energy, projects, investments and expectations in Nanotechnology to mark this field as one of the most dynamic and promising in science and engineering. The multidisciplinary nature of Nanotechnology means that many universities perform Nanotechnology research and provide education in this field through existing departments, such as Materials Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, BioScience, Chemistry, and Physics. Most of the serious work in Nanotechnology requires solid basis in other disciplines and is done at the graduate level by individuals who already have a Bachelor of Science Degree in a core area of Science or Engineering. We recommend that prospective students who are interested in Nanotechnology consider obtaining their degrees in a core area of Science or Engineering first, and then seek graduate-level education in Nanotechnology. One way to do that is to select an undergraduate program in Science or Engineering within a school where significant research and study in Nanotechnology already take place, and seek activities (such as independent study and senior design projects) that expose the student to Nanotechnology. It appears that within a College of Engineering the most appropriate choices for individuals seeking later specialization in Nanotechnology would be Electrical Engineering, Materials Engineering, and Chemical Engineering. How does one find institutions with high level of activity in Nanotechnology? One way to do so is to scan some of the journals in the field such as Nanotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, and the Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology to see where the authors are coming from. Stand-alone B.Sc programs in Nanotechnology (or with strong Nanotechnology flavor) are available in the following institutions, among others: University of Toronto (Division of Engineering Science, Toronto, Canada); University of South Wales (Sidney, Australia), Pennsylvania State University (see http://www.gonano.psu.edu/education/, US), Flinders University (Adelaide, Australia), Louisiana Tech University (US), Drexel University http://www.nano.drexel.edu/) and Michigan Technological University (a minor in Nanotechnology, US). To find information search on line by using the name of the university and the search term "Nanotechnology". Stand-alone M.S. and Ph.D. programs are available in the following institutions, among others (all in the US) : University of Albany New York (College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering), University of Washington, Rice University, Arizona State University (training within existing Ph.D. programs), and the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. A comprehensive list of programs in Nanotechnology in academic institutions is provided here:http://www.nanotech-now.com/academic.htm Here is how a similar answer was recently answered in "Google Answers": http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=36661 Ask an Expert Q: Let me please know the potential of Nanotechnology education, and the list of universities offering Masters and Doctoral degree in Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a relatively new collection of fields, all characterized by analysis, design and synthesis of structures whose dimensions are roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. The term Nanotechnology has been used recently within diverse fields such as Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Electrical, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, and sub-disciplines such as robotics. Nanotechnology was invoked in many different projects and sub-disciplines, including the design of new senors and actuators, drug delivery mechanisms, tissue engineering, design of semiconductor and optoelectronic devices, and a host of consumer goods applications. This is not a comprehensive list - you may be able to learn more in the Nanotechnology Now website (http://www.nanotech-now.com/) and in the portal of the Institute of Nano technology (http://www.nano.org.uk/whatis.htm). Opinions on the future of Nanotechnology vary. Some students of the field make bold predictions about a technological revolution that will be invoked by Nanotechnology. Others predict a more moderate rate of progress, involving gradual emergence of useful products and processes based on Nanotechnology. At the other extreme there are skeptics who claim that Nanotechnology is just a new fashionable name for old fields which have been studied for a while. There is certainly enough interest, energy, projects, investments and expectations in Nanotechnology to mark this field as one of the most dynamic and promising in science and engineering. The multidisciplinary nature of Nanotechnology means that many universities perform Nanotechnology research and provide education in this field through existing departments, such as Materials Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, BioScience, Chemistry, and Physics. Most of the serious work in Nanotechnology requires solid basis in other disciplines and is done at the graduate level by individuals who already have a Bachelor of Science Degree in a core area of Science or Engineering. One way to find institutions with high level of activity in Nanotechnology is to scan some of the journals in the field such as Nanotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, and the Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology to see where the authors are coming from. There is a continuing debate about the merit of stand alone educational programs in Nanotechnology. Some believe that such programs are essential to expand a dynamic field, others prefer that Nanotechnology remain a specialization within existing programs. Stand-alone B.Sc programs are available in the following institutions, among others: University of Toronto (Division of Engineering Science, Toronto, Canada); University of South Wales (Sidney, Australia), Pennsylvania State University (see http://www.nanotech-now.com/academic.htm Here is how a similar answer was recently answered in "Google Answers": http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=36661 Ask an Expert Q: I am a student of Electrical Engineering in Pakistan. I have yet to decide amongst the 4 majors offered by my university: Communication and Electronics, Power and Software. I have aptitude in Communication and Power. The major deciding factors for me will be which one of these two fields has more demand and higher salary! Can you please guide me? Which one should I opt? Thanking you in anticipation, Umer. We doubt that anyone really has the ultimate answer to your question, because demand and salaries in engineering disciplines are often cyclical. Fields that were in high demand in one decade tend to fade in the next, and vice versa. Some fields just go away - made obsolete by new technology and environmental considerations (think about vacuum tube circuit design). Other flourish due to influx of new ideas and new efficiencies (think about the effect of the Internet on network design). Predicting which field is the next to become obsolete and which one is about to bloom is notoriously hard. In most Electrical Engineering 4-year programs offered in Pakistan the first three years are common to all students, while the last year requires specialization (e.g., a track in Power or in Electronics and Communications or in Computer Engineering). The difference between the various graduates is therefore not that dramatic, and it is conceivable that a graduate of one track (say, Electronics and Communications) would still be able to function successfully in areas that are closest to another track (say, Power). In this light you should not view your decision on specialization as overly critical - it is not that hard to switch back later by engaging in continuing education and reading. The two fields you are interested in, Communications and Power, are likely to be in high demand for an extended period of time in Pakistan. We believe that the continuing rapid development of the country and its growing infrastructure needs would be good for both fields. Hence both power engineers and communication engineers are likely to have rewarding long-term careers in Pakistan in the next few decades. Historically, employment in Power tended to be somewhat more stable and the field considered more technically conservative. The Communication field saw more dynamic technical changes in the last two decades, but also more fluctuations in supply and demand of engineers and engineering services. As a result, in the past 10-20 years communication engineers tended to do a little better than power engineers in nominal salaries, but a little worse in terms of job security. Whether these trends will continue is anybody's guess. Overall, from the viewpoint of long-term employability and salaries, we think these fields are more or less the same. Ask an Expert Q: Can one implement Steganography in MATLAB? Steganography (Greek, covered or hidden writing) is the practice of incorporating hidden messages within overt messages. The aim is that only the intended recipient of the hidden message would know of its existence within the overt message, and have the means to read it. Other recipients or interceptors of the overt message would get no obvious clue that the "innocent"-looking (or sounding) message carries a secret. Steganography became very popular in the technical literature recently, because in principle it may allow individuals who wish to communicate in secret to do so over public communication channels. For example, individuals may hide messages in pictures posted on the Internet. The literature on Steganography has grown significantly in the last decade. Here are some web pages that discuss Steganography http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/steganography/ http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1684 http://www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=241&page=1 For a Steganography tool table see: http:www.jjtc.com/Steganography/toolmatrix.htm For some cool tools, see http://wwwrn.inf.tu-dresden.de/~westfeld/f5.html http://steghide.sourceforge.net/ http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~pmeerw/Watermarking/ Here are some papers and books on the subject [1] R. J. Anderson, "Stretching the limits of steganography," in Information Hiding, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1174, 1996, pp. 39–48. [2] R. J. Anderson and F. A. P. Petitcolas, "On the limits of Steganography," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 474–481, May 1998. [3] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu, "Techniques for data hiding," IBM Syst. J., vol. 35, no. 3–4, Feb. 1996. [4] Y.-Y. Chen, H.-K. Pan, and Y.-C. Tseng. (2000) A secure data hiding scheme for binary images. CSIE Dept., Nat. Chiao-Tung Univ. [Online]. Available: http://www.csie.nctu.edu.tw/~yctseng [5] E. Franz et al., "Computer-based steganography," in Information Hiding, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1174, 1996, pp. 7–21. [6] D. Gruhl and W. Bender, "Information hiding to foil the casual counterfeiter," in Proc. Workshop Information Hiding, IH'98, Portland, OR, Apr. 1998. [7] S. Katzenbeisser and F. A. P. Petitcolas, Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2000. There are many software packages that allow users to practice and investigate steganographic techniques. These include algorithms implemented through MATLAB. We have not checked these codes ourselves so you will need to examine the following links carefully before you use them in an application or project. Blanco, D.; Ng, E.; Ice, C.; Grandy, B. Steganography Matlab Code, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m13182/1.2/, Dec 14, 2005. Salle P. Model-Based JPEG Steganography Demo,http://redwood.ucdavis.edu/phil/demos/mbsteg/README.txt and http://redwood.ucdavis.edu/phil/demos/mbsteg/mbsteg.htm, October 2003 Petitcolas, F. A. P., Downgrading Matlab Code, http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/steganography/image_downgrading/code.html, 25 March 2005 (see also links here http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/software/) Singal, S. Matlab code for steganography (described as "very simple" and "crude"), see http://www.saurabh.com/writings/Steganography.pdf and http://www.saurabh.com/writings/stegowork/stegocode.pdf A list of other MATLAB algorithms for Steganography is available here: http://www.computer-technology-find.com/Steganography/matlab-steganography.html Ask an Expert Q: I am a holder of a B. Eng degree from a notable university in Nigeria. I wish to further my education by applying for graduate studies in Information Technology but I am not sure I can get admission to a university in any country by September 2006. I will probably need a scholarship or financial aid in order to be able to attend. Given that this answer is written in July 2006 it may indeed be unrealistic to hope to be admitted by September 2006 - deadlines for submitting admission documents for most universities are now passed. Regardless of this situation, you should look ahead, and do some research about schools (mostly outside Nigeria, it seems) that have graduate level programs in Information Technology. Look for programs that are conducted in a language that you master, concentrate on countries and schools that have a tradition of admitting and supporting foreign students, and seek opportunities to contact with students from Nigeria who are studying there now, or have graduated recently; they may have valuable information and tips about admission requirements, availability of good thesis advisers and mentors, program quality, and financial aid opportunities. Unfortunately, financial aid for international students is not readily available, for example the Association of International Educators reports that more than two-thirds of non-US students studying in the United States pay for their education using their own or their family's money. One way to advance (and finance) your studies is to acquire a research assistantship from an established researcher in your field. This is not easy, since committing an assistantship to a new incoming student is not as common as it was before - but it is still possible. The key is to identify professors who are active in research in a field relevant to your interests, and impress them that you have read their work, understood what they are trying to accomplish, and possess both the background and intellectual strength to advance their field of study as their research assistant. Needless to say this route requires significant effort on your part, but we know of quite a few students whose path started by demonstrating their potential ability to contribute to a developing research program. Some academic and non-academic institutions offer financial aid to international students though the available stipends are highly competitive. For instance Lincoln University in Pennsylvania has a small program of financial aid to international students (http://www.lincoln.edu/financialaid/is.html). Some universities that encourage international participation may have leads or advice that could be relevant (e.g., International University Bremen). Other universities have exchange student agreements with Nigerian universities (we know that the University of Ibadan had a few agreements of this kind) and these may serve as a vehicle to arrange for some period of study abroad. There are various agencies worldwide who provide assistance to international students (see for example the list on http://fletcher.tufts.edu/admissions/financialaid.shtml#us-foreign and on the website of the SIT: http://www.sit.edu/graduate/finaid/international_add_sources.html). You should realize however that the competition over these funding sources is quite high, and success would require demonstration of strong capabilities, as well as patience and persistence. Ask an Expert Q: My question is about the accreditation process. In my university we offer a Systems Engineering program, and we would like to know what are the ABET criteria for this engineering program. Our program is oriented to software and the integration of hardware and software to solve problems in different organizations. I want to know if we can get substantial equivalency for our Systems Engineering program from ABET, and what criteria to meet. For the benefit of our readers let us clarify a few terms first. ABET Inc. (www.abet.org) is a US based accrediting body which provides US academic programs in engineering, applied science, computing and technology with evaluation services that usually result in these programs being accredited by ABET. Upon request, and with the consent of local accrediting bodies, ABET may provide services to non-US academic programs. One of these services is an accreditation-like process that may culminate in ABET declaring that the non-US program is substantially equivalent to similarly-named programs that are accredited by ABET in the United States. Your question is about Systems Engineering, an area which has been the subject of some discussion in ABET recently. Programs entitled Systems Engineering (without additional modifiers) are currently accredited in the US by ABET using the general criteria for Engineering programs (there are no specific program criteria for Systems Engineering, the way ABET developed them, for example, for Electrical Engineering or Computer Engineering). The documents that you may want to review (all available on www.abet.org), are the following: (1) All documents on the website http://www.abet.org/international.shtml posted under the title "Information for International Institutions" (2) ABET ACCREDITATION POLICY AND PROCEDURE MANUAL Effective for Evaluations During the 2006-2007 Accreditation Cycle The URL is: http://www.abet.org/Linked%20Documents-UPDATE/Criteria%20and%20PP/A004%2006-07%20Accredition%20Policy%20and%20Procedure%20Manual%201-4-06.pdf and (3) ABET CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITING ENGINEERING PROGRAMS Effective for Evaluations During the 2006-2007 Accreditation Cycle The URL is: http://www.abet.org/Linked%20Documents-UPDATE/Criteria%20and%20PP/E001%2006-07%20EAC%20Criteria%205-25-06-06.pdf As we indicated, there are at present no program criteria for Systems Engineering in ABET but this fact does not mean that Systems Engineering programs cannot be accredited in the US (or be found substantially equivalent elsewhere). In fact there are several Systems Engineering programs that are currently accredited by ABET (e.g., a program at the Air Force Institute of Technology, and a program at the University of Arizona). One issue you will need to discuss with ABET is what Member Society of ABET would provide the program evaluator for your program (ABET has 28 Member Societies). This topic will have to be discussed between administrators of your program and ABET personnel. From the general description that you provided, it appears that the candidate societies would be IEEE and CSAB, but a closer examination of the details of your program may point elsewhere. In addition to an ABET substantial equivalency determination, you may want to pursue accreditation by a local accrediting body in your country, or, if such a body does not exist, take the initiative to start one. Remember that ABET is a US organization. It may be desirable that in the long run accreditation in your country be performed by local educators and practitioners, based on criteria that take into account the local objectives and culture, not by visitors from abroad. Ask an Expert Q: I am an undergraduate in Mechanical Engineering. I would like to know how this discipline is practiced in the real world. Mechanical Engineering is a very practical discipline which involves design and control of plants, systems and processes - examples include the design of the body of an aircraft, the implementation of a control system on a supertanker, and the design of a solar-based heating and cooling system for a building complex. The sixth edition of the Columbia Encyclopedia defines Mechanical Engineering this way: Mechanical engineering is concerned with the design, construction, and operation of power plants, engines, and machines. It deals mostly with things that move. One common way of dividing mechanical engineering is into heat utilization and machine design. The generation, distribution, and use of heat is applied in boilers, heat engines, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Machine design is concerned with hardware, including that making use of heat processes. In the last two decades there is growing interest in the intersection of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. There has been long time development of electromechanical systems of various kinds, such as trains and robots, which required expertise in both types of engineering. Recently new "joint" sub-disciplines have emerged such as Mechatronics, Microelectromechanical Systems, and Nanotechnology. One way to get a feeling about what Mechanical Engineers do is to look at job sites that seek Mechanical Engineers. Here are two: http://www.engineer.net/mechanical.php and http://www.mechanicalengineer.com/ Our site www.TryEngineering.org provide an introduction to Mechanical Engineering here: http://tryengineering.com/become.php?major=Mechanical+Engineering. This page also includes several references to web pages prepared by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), whose main page is www.asme.org. The Institute of Mechanical Engineers is a British organization, see http://www.imeche.org.uk/. Links to web pages of other societies with interests in Mechanical Engineering as available here: http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/mee/internet.htm#orgs An interview with a practicing Mechanical Engineer is available here: http://tryengineering.com/life.php?profile=6 Another good source is the Sloane Career Cornerstone Center, here: http://www.imeche.org.uk/ http://www.careercornerstone.org/mecheng/mecheng.htm The current Wikipedia article on Mechanical Engineering is available here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering The ASME journal Mechanical Engineering on line is available here: http://www.memagazine.org/ Other resources on Mechanical Engineering are available here: http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/mee/index.htm Ask an Expert Q: I live in the State of Maharashtra (Pune city) in India, and am currently enrolled in a high school there. When I graduate from high school I will have completed my HSC (12th Grade exam). I have two questions: (1) Do you know what the minimum requirements are from each Indian State or high school affiliation for university admission in Computer Science or Computer Engineering? If so, what is the minimum cutoff for a person who has completed his/her HSC exam in Pune, Maharashtra? (2) What are the minimum academic, as well as non-academic, requirements for a graduate of a high school in India to be admitted to a US university for undergraduate studies in Computer Science or Computer Engineering? EXPLAINING THE QUESTION The question is about the transition from high school to university by graduates of high schools in India. The high-school student who asked this question is from Pune City in the Indian State of Maharashtra. To learn more about Pune City visit http://www.webindia123.com/city/maharashtra/pune/intro.htm and http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/pune.htm To learn more about the State of Maharashtra, see http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_geo_profileShow.php; and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra (though, like all Wikipedia entries, it is subject to change at any time). The question mentions the HSC exam for graduates of high schools. In India the term "high school" is used in many ways and is sometimes ambiguous. The 9th and 10th grades (also known in India as Classes IX and X) form an educational unit that ends with the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examinations, or board examinations. The 11th and 12th grades form another educational unit ("junior college" or "higher secondary school") which is often offered by a separate institution. Studies in this unit culminate in a series of examinations for the Higher Secondary (School) Certificate, or HSC (for more information, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school#India) Usually each State in India has its own education board, and exams differ from State to State. There is also a Central board of Education with which some high schools are affiliated. Most the university-level schools or colleges in each city in India are affiliated with a single university; for example, in Mumbai (Bombay) there are more than 30 engineering colleges that are affiliated with Bombay University. All the colleges within the Bombay University network administer the same exams during the academic year. For a list of schools affiliated with Pune University, see http://www.unipune.ac.in/affiliated_colleges_and_institutions/default.htm Admission applications are made to individual colleges within the city, and each one of the colleges has its own minimum admission requirements (which depend also on the specific field of study desired by the candidate). Some more prestigious ("National level") Universities in India administer their own entry standardized tests, and admissions to these schools are largely based on the individual results of these standardized tests. See for example the following link on entrance exams to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT): http://www.indiaresults.com/Career_Guidance/IIT/ There are many websites on higher education in India. We happen to like http://www.educationinfoindia.com/ and http://indiaedu.com/. ANSWER TO THE FIRST QUESTION: Q: Do you know what the minimum requirements are from each Indian State or high school affiliation for university admission in Computer Science or Computer Engineering? If so, what is the minimum cutoff for a person who has completed his/her HSC exam in Pune, Maharashtra? A: The threshold for admission to a Computer Science and Computer Engineering programs (or any other program) is usually based on two criteria: (1) the candidate's cumulative score on Physics, Chemistry and Math (PCM) in the HSC (12th grade) exams, and (2) the overall percentage of marks received in the HSC exams. The maximum cumulative total for the PCM is currently 300, and, for example, cutoffs to very ood colleges in Mumbai are in the range of 292-300 for Computer Engineering and Computer Science. The reason for these very high thresholds is the large number of applicants. We do not know what the cutoffs are for universities in the Pune area (these are not usually published). If we are able to find more information on this specific subject (or if one of our readers sends us the information) we will update this answer. One way to find an answer to this question is to speak to admissions officers in universities and colleges affiliated with Pune University. The list of these colleges can be found here: http://www.unipune.ac.in/affiliated_colleges_and_institutions/default.htm. It appears that the best way to obtain a baccalaureate degree from Pune University is through one of the affiliated colleges. The following link (from http://answers.Google.com) may be of use for students who are seeking information about undergraduate Computer Engineering education in the Pune area: http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=64441 ANSWER TO THE SECOND QUESTION Q: What are the minimum academic, as well as non-academic, requirements for a graduate of a high school in India to be admitted to a US university for undergraduate studies in Computer Science or Computer Engineering? A: The basic factors used by US universities for Computer Science and Computer Engineering are quite similar, but the numerical thresholds vary widely. You should have obtained (or will have obtained shortly) a high school degree with three (3) years of advanced mathematics, including Calculus. For typical requirements of courses within the high school curriculum, see the links at the end of this section. In addition you will need to arrange for your SAT (or ACT) and TOEFL grades to be sent to the universities you are applying for. You should investigate the type of SAT tests requires by your prospective university, some universities have additional test requirements for international students (such as certain SAT II tests that are not required of domestic students). Though most admission officers in mainstream US universities are familiar with the grading system in India, it may help if you emphasized in cover letters your rank in class and even in specific subjects. Grades that appear to the US administrator or academic as �low� can actually be quite high in the Indian system, as reflected by the fact that the grade holder is at the top of his/her class in the subject. A sense of what admission officers in US universities are looking for in an application can be obtained here: http://coe.berkeley.edu/students/prospective-students/admissions/freshman-faq.html http://www.umass.edu/admissions/application_process/Requirements/ http://www.umass.edu/admissions/applying/international/ http://www.uiowa.edu/admissions/undergrad/requirements/fy-eng.html Admission to US universities at the undergraduate level usually requires proof of financial means to meet tuition and living cost needs. This proof is required by the school who would admit you and by US immigration authorities as a condition to admission to the US. In addition, there is a procedure of document exchange between you and the school, and then between you and consulate/embassy of the US in India, to issue a student visa (usually under category F-1). A personal interview with a Consulate official may be required. Our main advice is to allot significant amount of time to these procedures because the involved decision makers (in both university and consulate offices) are notoriously slow. Here are a few websites with advice to students from India (and other countries) who wish to study abroad: http://www.internationalstudy.in/ http://www.studyoverseas.com/ http://www.usastudyguide.com/ Ask an Expert Q: I am a second year business technology student. I am pursuing an undergraduate degree in electronics and communications. Can you provide insight on which (electronics or communications) has more diversified job opportunities and higher salaries? Electronics continue to be a field that cuts across numerous applications, and finds use in areas as diverse as medical instrumentation and technology for entertainment. Communications is a field that has seen a major transformation in the last twenty years, and in spite of overcapacity in the 1990s continues to expand. Interest in mobile communication and hand held devices continues to be strong. There is significant overlap between these fields. For example, about 18% of engineers defined by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics as working in "electronics" are employed in the telecommunications area (see http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm) At the present time, starting salaries in electronics appear somewhat higher than salaries in communications (in most developed countries), primarily due to overgrowth of communications companies in the 1990s and early 2000s. In addition, many universities that offer both electrical and computer engineering programs have seen a (probably temporary) imbalance, negatively affecting the 'electrical' side. This imbalance led to shortage in some areas of electronics. Yet the number of open positions in communications is still high, and overall we do not believe that one field is much more robust than the other. Ask an Expert Q: I have just finished my 12th grade and plan to enroll in an Electrical and Electronics Engineering program. I love working in airports. I wish to do jobs such as supervising flights before take-off rather than flight designing or that kind of work. My ambition is to become an Aeronautical engineer (which I plan to do for my Master's degree). I would like to know whether it is possible to pursue Aeronautics after obtaining an Electrical Engineering baccalaureate degree. Should I take Mechanical Engineering or any other branch instead? We will re-state your questions and answer them in two parts. 1. Is it possible to pursue Aeronautics after obtaining a baccalaureate degree in Electrical Engineering? Are there better alternatives? The answer to the first question is simple and straight-forward - yes. There is a long time debate whether students interested in Aeronautics should start their studies inside the discipline (for example, by selecting a program in Aerospace Engineering) or start with a broader field of study (e.g., Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering or Computer Engineering) and then do graduate work and concentrate on a specialization within the discipline of Aeronautics. Without taking sides in this debate, we will comment that your inclination to start in Electrical Engineering is certainly logical. Aeronautics draws on many bodies of knowledge, including several that are taught and developed in Electrical Engineering (EE) curricula and departments. These EE bodies of knowledge include guidance, navigation and control, instrumentation, and communication, as well as electrical system design and electrical hardware design for sensing, actuating, and computing. Some of the areas we mentioned (such as guidance and control) are also taught in other academic departments, and some areas relevant to Aeronautics (such as propulsion) are not usually covered in the undergraduate EE curriculum at all. Still, the EE curriculum continues to be an excellent choice for future Aeronautical engineers. Specifically, aircraft and aircraft-related systems are continually undergoing an information technology and digital control evolution that replaces many of their mechanical, hydraulic and electromechanical subsystems with electrical components controlled by digital computers. Electrical engineers clearly have an advantage over graduates of other disciplines in these areas. One way to "round up" your EE education toward a career in Aeronautics is to use the elective classes available within most EE curricula to take relevant classes in other departments, such as the Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace departments. For example if you are an Electrical and Computer Engineering student at Lehigh University (see course plan at http://www3.lehigh.edu/engineering/academics/eceug.asp) you may consider the following classes from the Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Department as electives: MECH 326 Aerodynamics (3); MECH 305 Advanced Mechanics of Materials (3); and MECH 328 Fundamentals of Aircraft Design (3). Another good reason to start with Electrical Engineering is that you will be able to develop a perspective on a wider spectrum of sub-disciplines and occupations, and have a wider set of options available to you upon graduation with a Bachelor of Science degree (especially if the Aerospace Industry is not doing that well at the time of your graduation). That being said, there are several alternatives to Electrical Engineering as a first degree for those who wish to work in Aeronautics. These alternatives include Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and of course – Aerospace Engineering (or Aeronautical and Astronautics Engineering, or Space Engineering). Indeed, most current professors of Aerospace Engineering have taken their undergraduate course of study either in Aerospace/Aeronautics/Astronautics programs, or in Mechanical Engineering. We expect to see many more Electrical Engineers among them in the future. A partial list of Aerospace program worldwide is available here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Engineering 2. "I love working in airports. I wish to do jobs such as supervising flights before take-off rather than flight designing or that kind of work." The field of Aeronautics offer many opportunities for experimental work that bring the engineer often to airports and to facilities for aircraft and subsystem testing. If you find yourself, for example, working on aircraft control problems for an agency like NASA or for a corporation like Lockheed Martin, you are likely to find yourself participating in many flight tests and in frequent field experimentation. Engineers who are good in this type of work (and are willing to participate in the extensive travel that is usually involved) have always been in demand. However, not many engineers are as involved in the operations of flights and their management as you describe in your question. If this is indeed the direction you are seeking, you may not be really interested in Aeronautics but in Aviation (activities surrounding human flight and the aircraft industry). If you want to work in the field of Aviation as an engineer, you may want to direct your interests to areas such as Air Traffic Control. Sub-disciplines of interest include Radar and the design of transponders, display systems, and communication and computer networks. One area of current interest in aviation is the provision of wireless services to airline passengers. Electrical Engineering is probably the best major to select for this direction of work. Here are several on-line reference on Aeronautics: http://www.planemath.com/planemathlinks/aeronautics.html http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/ http://wings.avkids.com/ http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html?skipIntro=1 (follow links on the left hand side) http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=5 (go to Kid's Place) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics Here are a few web pages of corporations in Aeronautics and Aviation: http://www.airbus.com/en/ http://www.baesystems.com http://www.bellhelicopter.textron.com/ http://www.boeing.com/ http://www.bombardier.com/index.jsp http://www.dassault.com/ http://www.embraer.com/english/content/home/ http://www.iai.co.il/Templates/Homepage/Homepage.aspx?lang=EN http://www.lockheedmartin.com/wms/findPage.do?dsp=fec&ci=15047&sc=400 www.raytheon.com http://www.rockwellcollins.com/ Ask an Expert Q: I am a student of engineering studying my third year information technology. Could you please provide advice for interviewing and how to present my skills/knowledge during a career fair? The best way to prepare yourself for an interview is to understand what type of job you are seeking. It is best to focus your efforts on positions that suit your educational background, personality, knowledge, and desired working environment. With this in mind, you are able to take a targeted approach to your job search. Here is some helpful information on how to prepare for a career fair. At the end we provide useful links on specific subjests and various on-line resources. Prepare a resume or curriculum vitae(CV) A resume/CV is your primary resource tool to presenting your skills and knowledge for job openings. You will need to spend time preparing an effective and attractive resume/CV for distribution at the career fair. There are many available resources for resume writing(see links below). Many universities have Career Centers that offer resume writing sessions, one-on-one appointments, and job search tips. Interviewing Meeting a company representative at a career fair is a mini interview. These representatives will take your resume and engage in a short informal interview. You should practice interviewing and prepare responses to commonly asked interview questions. See the links below for tips and frequently asked questions. Research & Planning Obtain a listing of companies that are participating in the career fair. Research these companies and develop a "must see" list companies you would be interested in working for. Look the companies up on the Internet - take notes of business strategies and relevant current news. These notes can provide good talking points to impress the company representatives at the career fair. Appearance Dress in business Attire. Many employers want to see neat, clean, and professional appearance. What to take with you Copies of your resume, transcripts, your business card(make one if you do not have one), sample write-ups on past projects, notepad, pens, the list of "must see" companies and your notes on these companies. At the Career Fair Approach the "must see" companies on your list. Introduce yourself with a firm handshake and give the representative a copy of your resume. Inquire about open positions and introduce your background and interests in brief. Highlight the experience that would give the company reasons to hire you over someone else. Refer to the notes you collected during the company research. Ask when the company anticipates interviewing for the open positions. Ask for a business card, and offer yours, and thank the representative for their time. Post Career Fair Follow-up with potential leads from the career fair. Upload your resume into the company's databases to gain further exposure for additional positions. E-mail the representative you spoke to at the career fair thanking them for their time and re-expressing your interest in working for the company. Additional Information Career planning sites We found the McGill University's Career Centre webpage to be particularly helpful on most aspects of job search: http://www.mcgill.ca/caps/ The career centers at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Maryland also provide many useful discussions of job search topics: http://www.studentaffairs.cmu.edu/career/ http://www.careercenter.umd.edu/ Job fair advice http://www.careercenter.umd.edu/page.cfm?page_id=114 Resume writing resources Note: we refer to the free advice section on these sites. We do not endorse the commercial for fee services that some of these sites offer. http://www.eng.iastate.edu/ecs/students/ResumeWriting-update-new.html http://jobsearch.about.com/od/teenstudentgrad/a/studentresume.htm http://www.resumeedge.com/resume-writing/index.php?nav=rc.home Interview preparation resources http://www.coop.eng.umd.edu/documents/handouts_2005/7Interviewing%20Techniques.pdf http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/careerservices/seas/seas_int.html http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/Page10696.aspx http://www-07.ibm.com/employment/sg/career/interview_tips.html http://www.careercenter.umd.edu/page.cfm?section_ID=1&page_id=57 Resources on general communication skills (1) An excellent collection of resources exists on the Kent State University Libraries and Media Services webpage. The collection covers writing, reading, listening and speaking. URL: http://www.library.kent.edu/page/10867 (2) A nice collection of articles on different aspects of personal communication is available at hodu.com. URL: http://hodu.com/effective-communication-skills-menu.html We found the following sections especially useful: Speaking Skills and Writing Skills. (3) Staffordshire University provides a good collection of articles here: http://www.staffs.ac.uk/services/careers/saw/learning_resources/communication.htm Some of the links are dead but most are active and quite helpful. There are descriptions of techniques (such as Mind Mapping) that are not available on other comparable websites. (4) The BT Education Programme provides several unusual resources. It is available here: http://www.bteducation.org/resources/results.ikml?a=0&f=0 The site requires registration but is free to use. One of the tools it provides is a series of videos of interviews with job applicants, with feedback by the interviewer (the interview tapes). Ask an Expert Q: Please provide information on the role of science and technology in developing African countries We enclose a comprehensive list of on-line resources on science, technology and engineering in Africa. Needless to say we were not able to read and verify all the information provided by these resources and we do not endorse any of them. They are provided for general information and with the hope that some them will provide you with the information you seek. Africa's technology gap (UNCTAD study) http://stdev.unctad.org/docs/gap.pdf African Centre for Technological Studies http://www.acts.or.ke/ African Ministerial Council on Science and Technology (AMCOST) http://www.nepadst.org/ African Journals On Line http://www.ajol.info/index.php?tran=0 African technology forum http://web.mit.edu/africantech/www/ The Association of South African Women in Science and Engineering (SA WISE) http://www.sawise.org.za/ The Name African Type Academy of Sciences http://www.aasciences.org/ African Science Networks http://www.physics.ncat.edu/~michael/asn/ African Mathematical Union: Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amuchma_online.html Africa Science News Service http://www.africasciencenews.org/ BBC article on computers in Africa http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3305919.stm BBC article on women in technology http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2539327.stm BBC interview with Nigerian computer and Internet pioneer, Philip Emeagwali http://emeagwali.com/interviews/millennium/BBC-network-africa-questions-on-emerging-millennial-technology.html Bibliography on Science and Technology in Africa (short) http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/africa/scienceov.html Chemistry in Africa http://www.webanalytes.com/cheminafrica.html Columbia University Libraries page on African Studies http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/SciTech.html Engineering Council of South Africa http://www.ecsa.co.za/ Fiber Optic Technology in Africa http://www.iconnect-online.org/Resources/Flattening%20The%20World_Ebenezer%20Malcolm.pdf/download Information Technology in Africa http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/dod117/ The International Society of African Scientists (ISAS) http://www.dca.net/isas/ Internet and Computing http://www-sul.stanford.edu/africa/elecnet.html The New Partnership for African Development http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/126.pdf The North Africa Centre for Engineering & Technology Education (NACETE) http://www.usthb.dz/nacete/nacete1.htm Nigerian Society of Engineers http://www.nseph.com/ Power Engineering in Africa http://www.redtram.com/catalogue/africa/power-engineering/ Science and scientists in Africa http://www-sul.stanford.edu/africa/science.html Science and technology news http://allafrica.com/ict/ Science in Africa (on-line magazine) http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/ Science Mathematics Engineering and Technology programs in Africa http://www.physics.ncat.edu/~michael/asn/program/index.html Science Links http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/links.htm Scientific African http://www.scientific-african.org/ Shuttleworth Foundation http://www.shuttleworthfoundation.org/ Technology, Africa and Learning (opinion article) http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/lwf/doc/portfolio/opinion3.htm United Name Nations Type University Africa Research Observer http://www.unu.edu/africa/newsltr/index.htm University Research Centres on Central Sub-Saharan Africa (article) http://www.ssn.flinders.edu.au/global/afsaap/conferences/2003proceedings/riley.PDF UNESCO Science and Technology in Africa page http://www.unesco.org/bpi/scitech/ Ask an Expert Q: What is Tribology? Where can I find more information about the subject? Tribology: From Webster.com Study that deals with the design, friction, wear, and lubrication of interacting surfaces in relative motion (as in bearings or gears) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tribology is the science and technology of friction, lubrication, and wear, derived from the Greek tribo meaning “I rub”. Formally defined, it is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and all practices related thereto. The study of tribology is commonly applied in bearing design but extends into other almost any aspect of modern technology, even to such unlikely areas as hair conditioners and cosmetics (e.g., lipstick, powders, gloss). Basically any product where one materials slides or rubs over another is affected by complex tribological interactions. The term became widely used following a British study in 1966 (The Jost Report) in which huge sums of money were reported to have been lost in the UK annually due to the consequences of friction, wear and corrosion. Several national centres for tribology were created in the UK as a result. Since then the term has diffused into the international engineering field and many specialists now claim to be tribologists. There are numerous national and international societies, such as the Society for Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers STLE in the USA. Most technical universities have a group working on tribology, often as part of mechanical engineering departments. The limitations in tribological interactions are however no longer mainly determined by mechanical designs, but rather by material limitations so the discipline of tribology now counts at least as many materials engineers, physicists and chemists than mechanical engineers. In the last years, the micro- and nanotribology is gaining ground. Frictional interactions in microscopically small components are becoming increasingly important for the development of new products in electronics, life sciences, chemistry, sensors and by extension for all modern technology. Note the term 'fricare' (Latin) meaning 'to rub' from which derives the word 'friction.' More information on Tribology can be obtained from many engineering societies and publications. Here are additional sources of information for further research: Society for Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers STLE Tribology at the University of Sheffield Tribology-abc.com (This site is intended to provide information, software and tools for engineers working on high performance and high reliability design applications in mechanical engineering.) American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Tribology Journal of Engineering Tribology, Institution of Mechanical Engineers Ask an Expert Q: I am a student of Electrical Engineering specializing in Power Engineering. What are the job opportunities available in this field? Power Engineering is one of the earliest fields that has developed within Electrical Engineering. It deals with generation,transmission and distribution of electric power. Power engineers also work on a variety of power devices and on power conversion (the process of transforming power from one form into another, as in electromechanical or electrochemical processes). Many power engineers are part of the large team that builds, maintains and develops the large networks that connects power generators with users of this power ("the power grid"). These engineers, who work for power utility companies of governments that maintain power grids design components for the grid, architectures for the grid and devices that either supply power to the grid or draw power from it. Devices that power engineers design and work with include generators, transformers, circuit breakers, relays and transmission lines. Systems the power engineer work on include electrical substations (a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers.) Some power engineers also work on smaller "off grid networks" that generate and supply electricity to independent plants or remote areas. A separate area of expertise is generation, transmission and distribution of power on stand-alone plants such as planes and ships. Power engineering is often analyzed along the three components of generation, transmission and distribution. Power engineers that work on generation convert other forms of energy into electric power. These sources of power include fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, solar power, and wind power. Power engineers that work on transmission are in charge of moving power from the power station where the power is generated to the location of the customer. Power engineers that work on distribution are developing and maintaining systems that distribute power to end user in voltages that can be used by the user's equipment. Power engineers deal with devices (motors, batteries, capacitors); processes and phenomena (such as power conversion, power drop and blackouts); analysis and design (such as estimation of the stability of a power network and power flow studies); and areas such as renewable energy and environmentally-friendly power systems. In addition to power utilities, power companies and organizations that maintain power networks, some power engineers work for universities and research institutions that advance the state of the art in power engineering and educate the next generation of power engineers. In spite of its long history, power engineering is a vibrant and challenging discipline. Power engineers are in charge of very large systems whose availability and reliability are critical to society's ability to function and develop. The increase in demand in power, environmental and economical constraints, and the scarcity of some sources of power (such as fossil fuels) pose significant challenges to modern power engineers. These require new processes and techniques, new devices, and integration of other disciplines (such as business and law) in the design and implementation process. To read more, please consult the following sources, which were used in developing this answer. Please be aware of the fact that Wikipedia sources may be changed without notice and hence are less reliable than other sources. The web page of IEEE Power Engineering Society http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/pes/menuitem.bfd2bcf5a5608058fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=pes_home The web page of Power Engineering International http://pepei.pennnet.com/ The Power Sector page of the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) http://www.iee.org/oncomms/sector/power/ Wikipedia sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_electrification Ask an Expert Q: I have completed my B.E in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. What are my options with respect to studies toward a Master of Science or Master of Engineering in related fields? We believe that students who have the aptitude and educational achievements that would allow them to enter graduate school should consider this option seriously. The volume of required material covered by Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Engineering programs has become very large in recent years. As a result, many B.S./B.Eng programs do not provide much depth. A Masters program will provide you with the opportunity to specialize in a field of interest in much greater depth, and will also introduce you to the world of research. We assume you are a holder of a B.S. or B.Eng. degree in electrical and electronics engineering, that your degree comes from an accredited program, and that you have sufficiently high grades and additional accomplishments to warrant your admission to a reputable graduate school. You would normally seek to enter a graduate study program toward M.Eng or M.S. in electrical engineering, or one of its closely related disciplines: computer engineering, telecommunications engineering, control engineering, or power engineering. Graduates such as yourself are also sometimes applying to programs in aerospace engineering, systems engineering, or biomedical engineering. We suggest that you decide on a program based on your experience as an undergraduate, and on your projected engineering career. If, for example, you seek to become designer of microwave circuits for telecommunications, you will be looking for electrical or telecommunications M.S. programs with strong emphasis on electromagnetics, microwaves and circuit design. If you are interested in biomedical instrumentation, you may seek an M.S. program in electronics engineering which emphasizes biomedical applications, or a program in biomedical engineering. Check pre-requisites and conditions for admissions carefully - some programs can be quite demanding in terms of supplementary material you need to acquire if you did not take some materials they consider essential as an undergraduate. Here is some additional advice. (1) We believe that M.S./M.Eng programs that require that the student write a Masters thesis provide significant benefits, when compared with programs that do not make such requirement. These benefits include hands-on introduction to research, intensive interaction with a faculty mentor, and development of communication capabilities, both orally and in writing. Also, if you decide later to write a Ph.D. or D.Sc. dissertation you will have some experience in the way such documents are created. (2) We believe that M.S./M.Eng students should include in their plans of study significant number of courses in mathematics and analytical methods. While a lot of technology can be learnt "on the job" later, it is rare that one can self-educate in mathematical areas such as group theory or combinatorial optimization. There is no substitute to strong analytical background, and the best time to build its foundations is during graduate school. (3) We believe that graduate studies are often most successful when they come immediately after the undergraduate course of study. It is true that one can apply to graduate school at any age, even many years after the acquiring of the baccalaureate degree. However, quite often "life intervenes"; for most people graduate studies later in life tend to compete with job and family obligations in a way that diminishes their ability to provide enough time and attention to study. In other words, if you can afford to go to graduate school after you received your B.S./B.Eng, it may be more beneficial to do that immediately rather than wait 5-10 years and then come back. Ask an Expert Q: I am an undergraduate student studying toward the Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in electronics. Can you recommend good universities where I can specialize in avionics? First, please review our recent answer to a question about Aeronautics Avionics is an abbreviation of aviation electronics. It is a name for electronic systems used on aircraft, including sensing, actuating, control, communications, navigation and display. Avionic systems range from a single warning light or sensor to complicated systems using radar detection and automatic navigation. Avionics should be distinguished from aeronautics, which focuses on the design of flight-capable vehicles and on techniques that allow aircraft to fly. One of the fields of aeronautics is aerodynamics. Most graduate level academic studies of avionics are offered within departments of aerospace, or aeronautics and astronautics. If you go to the "Find a University" section of our website, you will find about 60 universities in the United States and 2-3 in Canada under "Aerospace Engineering". Most of these provide instruction in Avionics, or have researchers who can be advisers of MS and PhD level research in avionics. You may also want to visit the Gradschools.com site and search under "Aerospace, Aeronautical Engineering" ( direct link: http://www.gradschools.com/programs/aerospace_engineering.html) Here are a few examples of programs that are strong in avionics. The Naval Postgraduate School Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics has an active research program in avionics (http://www.aa.nps.navy.mil/programs/avionics/). Admission to this school is, however, restricted to US Military and US government employees. Princeton University's Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering reports several recent research projects in Avionics. So does Baylor University Department of Engineering. Purdue University has a graduate program in Aviation Technology. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology operates the MIT Center for Air Transportation. See also MIT's Flight Transportation Laboratory and the Aeronautical Systems Laboratory in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Ohio University has an Avionics Engineering Center which involves researchers and students from the university's Electrical Engineering and Computer Science program. Florida Institute of Technology offers several Master of Science degree in fields related to Avionics. This is just a small sample. The general links we provided above should give you access to many additional programs, with different sub-specializations. Ask an Expert Q: Which software has the ability to simulate WiMax (IEEE 802.16)Technology? WiMax (World Interoperability for Microwave Access; IEEE Standard 802.16) is a family of standards for broadband communications in local area networks. WiMax technology competes with other standards and technologies such as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The WiMax forum defines the technology as a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to wired broadband like cable and DSL. WiMAX provides fixed, nomadic, portable and, soon, mobile wireless broadband connectivity without the need for direct line-of-sight with a base station. In a typical cell radius deployment of three to ten kilometers, WiMAX systems can be expected to deliver capacity of up to 40 Mbps per channel, for fixed and portable access applications. This is enough bandwidth to simultaneously support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed connectivity and thousands of residences with DSL speed connectivity. Mobile network deployments are expected to provide up to 15 Mbps of capacity within a typical cell radius deployment of up to three kilometers. It is expected that WiMAX technology will be incorporated in notebook computers and PDAs by 2007, allowing for urban areas and cities to become “metro zones” for portable outdoor broadband wireless access. The Intel website defines WiMax this way: WiMAX is a family of technologies based on the IEEE 802.16 wireless standards. There are two main types of WiMAX today, fixed WiMAX (802.16d-2004), and mobile WiMAX (802.16e-2005). Fixed WiMAX is a point-to-multipoint technology whereas mobile WiMAX is a multipoint to multipoint technology, similar to that of a cellular infrastructure. Both solutions were engineered to deliver ubiquitous high-throughput broadband wireless services at a low cost. Mobile WiMAX is based on OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology which has inherent advantages in latency, spectral efficiency, and advanced antennae support; ultimately giving it higher performance than today’s wide area wireless technologies. Further, next generation 4G wireless technologies are evolving towards OFMDA and IP-based networks as they are ideal for delivering cost-effective wireless data services. For frequently asked questions on WiMax see http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/faq and the current Wikipedia entry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimax. A useful article by Alberti et al. is available here http://www.vervut.com.br/antonioalberti/papers/Alberti%20WiMAX.pdf (ALBERTI, A. M.; CHAN, Rodrigo Adolfo; NAVES, Sanzio Guilherme . A Qualitative Comparison of Approaches for IEEE 802.16 Performance Evaluation. Proceedings of the 16th MPRG/Virginia Tech Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, 2006, Blacksburg, 2006) There are several announced simulation tools for WiMax, though due to the short time since the publication of the standard, there are only few such tools at present. As far as we know there is no module yet for IEEE 802.16 simulation in the popular network simulator ns-2. A module for the OPNET library is in development http://www.opnet.com/WiMax/home.html – but current versions are not publicly available. Marconi Wireless announced WiMax capabilities of its simulation library Planet EV http://www.marconicommunications.net/Home/customer_center/Products/Access/Wireless%20Network%20Optimization/Planet%20EV%20for%20WiMAX/EV_WiMAX_final.pdf Cambridge Consultants developed a tool for WiMax simulations Applied Wave Research announced a “Visual System Simulator” with WiMax capabilities Ask an Expert Q: My uncle used to be an EMC engineer, and speaks highly of the discipline. What are current trends in this aspect of electrical engineering? With the proliferation of wireless systems, I seems to me that this could be a very interesting occupation. (1) Definition of EMC (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, edited and expanded by us): Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is the branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy. EMC is devoted to explaining and removing the unwanted effects that such energy may induce. The aim of EMC is the correct operation, in the same environment, of different units of equipment which involve electromagnetic phenomena in their operation. For example, we may require that radio receivers, cellular telephones, oscilloscopes, a refrigerator and a microwave oven all operate correctly without interfering with each other when they are turned on simultaneously in the same room. We may require that all the electrical diagnostic equipment in a hospital can operate as designed in spite of the simultaneous operation of many different units of such equipment in the same environment, and the operation of other electrical equipment nearby. One example of the effect of EMC on our routine daily experience is the requirement that cell phones not be used on airplanes – there is a concern that incompatibility of some cellular phones with avionics will impair the operation of the aircraft. In order to achieve its objective, EMC pursues several different issues: Emission issues are related to the reduction of unintentional generation of electromagnetic energy and to the countermeasures which should be taken in order to avoid the propagation of such energy towards the external environment. Susceptibility issues refer to the correct operation of electrical equipment in the presence of electromagnetic disturbances. When the propagation of electromagnetic disturbances in guiding structures (i.e. wires, cables, printed circuit board (PCB) traces) is taken into account, conducted emission and susceptibility issues are considered. When the open-space propagation of electromagnetic disturbances is taken into account, radiated emission and susceptibility issues are considered. There are many agencies whose work defines allowed electromagnetic interference levels, such as the FCC in the United States; CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in continental Europe; and BSI in Britain. (2) We note that Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems can significantly decrease the reliability, increase the cost, and delay the development schedules of modern electronic systems. Compliance specifications and requirements for interoperability, make EMC an important design challenge in many systems, especially large-scale systems that operate in military facilities and in plants that supply medical and communication services. (3) The work of an EMC engineer is rooted in deep understanding of electromagnetics and propagation, as well as knowledge of areas such as integrated circuits, power supplies, shielding and conducting materials, antennas, and power systems. In addition, the work sometimes has a detective work flavor– the EMC engineer may be searching for the root cause of a “mysterious” interference phenomenon that requires data collection, experimentation, hypothesis testing, and advanced analytical skills. Experience is invaluable. Individuals who become leaders of the field often provide the impression that their work is a combination of engineering, technology, history, art and science. (4) We agree that EMC challenges have become more severe in many recent designs, due to several interrelated phenomena. Semiconductor speeds (and clock rates) are getting faster. The constant drive for lighter weights (for example, of personal computers and laptops, PDAs, and cellular phones) lead to chip and product sizes getting smaller. Voltages in many circuit designs are lower, which increases the operating current. Circuits are more sensitive, so electromagnetic interference becomes more critical. As one example, consider radiation from a loop, one of the identified sources of radiation in integrated circuits. It is a function of the square of the frequency. When the Intel processors first appeared on the market in the late 1970s, they were running at about 400 KHz; they were well over 400 MHz in 2000. This is three orders of magnitude growth and the square represents six orders of magnitude. Thus, the loop radiation problem has increased a million-fold from 1970 to 2000 (example by Henry Ott). Increases of this magnitude require original new solutions; they often cannot be accommodated by extending existing techniques. One trend in EMC is the increasing overlap between engineers concerned with Signal Integrity (SI) in integrated circuits and EMC engineers. (Signal Integrity, for integrated circuits, “refers to tools and techniques that ensure the signals on these chips are of sufficient quality for proper operation. SI tools attempt to identify and remove effects that cause a design to malfunction due to distortion of the signal waveforms.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_integrity). Increasingly, EMC and SI engineers need to address the same root causes for signal distortion (SI) and unacceptable radiation emissions (EMC). The dynamics of EMC engineering are captured by the following observation from a veteran of the field: “back when I was younger, when you learned something, you could use it for a while. It seems that today, you learn it, you use it once and you’ve got to learn something different. I often say, ‘Whatever you did last time is never enough next time.’" (http://www.hottconsultants.com/pdf_files/aug-ptk.pdf) (5) References Home page of the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/emcs/ A collection of links to EMC sites, courtesy of the University of Missouri Rolla (Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory,)http://www.emclab.umr.edu/emclinks.html The Interference Technology website http://www.rbitem.com/ A list of EMC standards is available here http://rb.alionscience.com/EMC_Standards/emc_standards.html A list of EMC directives http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EMC_directives Patrick Andre provides an introduction to EMC here: http://www.conformity.com/0312quick.pdf An article about the challenges of EMC engineering http://www.evaluationengineering.com/archive/articles/e0302deal.pdf An article about Henry Ott, a notable EMC expert http://www.hottconsultants.com/pdf_files/aug-ptk.pdf Ask an Expert Q: I have completed my undergraduate studies in electronics and communications engineering and intend to pursue a career in networking. Do I have the right background or should I consider concentrating on telecommunications? Over a decade ago, a networking engineer was assumed to be working exclusively with technologies for data delivery: TCP/IP, routing, switching, address and domain name management, HTTP, email, LANs, and Ethernet. Telecommunications engineers were assumed to work primarily with technologies associated with telephony (including satelite communications) and with what had since become known as the physical layer: the radio frequency chain and the antennas. Things have changed. The boundary between telecommunication and networking has blurred, and most academic programs in one field contain significant content from the "other." For example, many cell phone providers now offer voice, video, and data communications over a common network with a common user interface. This convergence of services, sometimes referred to as Next Generation Networking (NGN), represents a general trend in the telecommunications industry towards Internet Protocol (IP) technology. It provides engineers who were trained in electronics, communications, and networking with new, diverse career opportunities. Moreover, your career decisions should be guided by your preferences and your abilities, not just by the details of your undergraduate courses. Explore the opportunities that are available to you and go after what is more exciting, enduring, developing and promising. You should enjoy what you are doing, and if it means that you need to educate yourself on some new technologies or methods, so be it. Engineers have to do this all the time. In simpler language, if you want to work in networking , go ahead - work in networking. Ask an Expert Q: I am in my 2nd year of electronics and telecommunication engineering and wanted to know about specializations. I am interested in electronics, robotics and automation and don't have a clear view about the courses offered related to my major and interests. The areas of automation, robotics and electronics are exciting and growing fields. Robotics and Automation Engineers are sought for careers in the design of modern control systems across a broad spectrum of high tech industries. With backgrounds in electronic circuits and devices, digital/microprocessor systems, computers and networks, and programming/software tools as well as knowledge relating to programmable logic controllers, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and vision and motion control, the inter-disciplinary nature of this field will ensure that graduates will always be in high demand. The leading academic society for this field is IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, which publishes Transactions on Robotics, Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, and Robotics and Automation Magazine. The Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering degree you are pursuing appears follow the system used in India, so we looked at the curriculum for this degree at some Indian universities to get an idea of the elective courses you have to choose from. As an example, we consider National Institute of Technology, Calicut's 2006 curriculum for E&TC. Assuming that this curriculum is similar to your own, our advice is that you include courses in digital systems, circuit analysis, power electronics, computer software, control, microcontrollers, digital signal processing, and wireless digital communication. These will provide you with a good foundation for the control and design of automation and robotic systems. Since an important part of automation and robotic systems is mechanical actuation, we recommend that you also take a course that deals with kinematics, if possible. Here are few books that provide good introduction to robotic and automation system mechanics: [1] Jorge Angeles: Fundamentals of Robotic Mechanical Systems [2] John Craig: Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control Ask an Expert Q: I am a third year student in a Bachelor of Technology program in India. I want to devote my career to the betterment of my country, India. What is the most useful path for a student like me to take in order to advance this cause? We do not know what field of technology you are studying, but suggest that you focus your studies (and your future career) on subjects and objectives that will improve the welfare of the public in India, and will contribute to raising the standards of living there. Specifically, we suggest that you consider a focus on improving the infrastructure in India. India is a large developing democracy, facing significant challenges. These include growing population; high levels of poverty and illiteracy; multiple threats to the social fabric; urban congestion; eco-systems under pressure; and under-developed power and energy systems. Not all of these challenges can be addressed and solved by engineers and technologists, but some can. One of the ways that an enthusiastic young person like you can help, is by focusing your studies, and then your energy as a professional, on betterment of the infrastructure in India - be that the civil engineering infrastructure (e.g., roads, bridges, dams); the power and energy systems (e.g., electrification projects); eco systems (e.g., environmental cleanup, clean energy and manufacturing); or the information, communication and networking infrastructure. In each one of these areas, there is much that needs to be done. Take, for example, rural electrification. A recent article on the subject [1] indicate that "even 56 years after independence, 63% of all rural households in India do not have electricity and use kerosene for lighting. Even for those rural areas, which are electrified, there is a tremendous shortage of power supply. Thus it is not uncommon for these areas to have 10-15 hours of blackouts and brownouts every day. There is a shortfall of about 15-20,000 MW of electricity in the country and we require about 140,000 MW of additional capacity by 2010 with an estimated outlay of Rs. 5,50,000 crores. Because of tremendous shortage of electricity, industrial growth and general life in the country is seriously affected. Moreover with any problems in the national grid, rural areas are affected the most, since the State Electricity Boards (SEB) provide urban areas with electricity on priority basis." There are many ways you can make a difference for the betterment of India. As a future technologist/engineer we suggest that a focus on infrastructure improvement can be one of the most effective and useful. (How about reducing the percentage of rural households without electricity from close to 60% now to less than 10% in 15 years?) [1] Anil K. Rajvanshi: "Key Issues for Rural Electrification," 2003, on-line: http://pune.sancharnet.in/nariphaltan/ruralelec.htm (accessed 20 August 2006). Ask an Expert Q: I would like to know more about Applied Electronics and Instrumentation. What kind of work does an instrumentation engineer do? What are the future prospects of this field? The primary focus of instrumentation engineering is the development and implementation of electrical and electronic instruments for the purpose of measuring, monitoring, and recording physical phenomena. Among many other types of instruments, instrumentation engineers develop seismic sensors, blood glucose sensors, fire detectors, and amperemeters. Instruments developed by instrumentation engineers include analog, digital, and mixed signal electronic devices. Major users of these instruments include industries that rely on automated processes, such as chemical and manufacturing plants. They depend on these devices for safety, and for improving productivity and reliability. A very large field of work is also offered in biomedical engineering, and in metrology (the discipline that provides devices for technical measurements). The scope of instrumentation engineering is vast, and appears to be growing, in part due to the increased use of automatic control in manufacturing and process plants. Growth is also tied to the development of more accurate and more robust sesnors, which allow us to detect phenomena of interest (such as the presence of minute levels of toxins in food) with much higher precision than what we could do a generation ago. The Applied Electronics and Instrumentation curriculum in most universities includes courses on the design of analog and digital electronic devices used for measurement and control of parameters such as flow, pressure, temperature, and level, and the calibration of such instruments. Students learn to program microcontrollers, and to design and implement communication networks composed of sensors, actuators, and programmable logic controllers (PLC). Since instrumentation engineering is closely related to control engineering, some universities include courses on signals, systems, and control theory. The degree title mentioned in the question, Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, is most popular in India. Therefore, we decided to look at what Indian universities that offer Applied Electronics and Instrumentation degrees say about the career paths that graduates are likely to have. Here is what the Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering at the Silicon Institute of Technology in Bhubaneswar says about career prospects of its graduates: The demand for Applied Electronics is growing rapidly and job opportunities for graduates are multi-faceted. The graduates can work as Manufacturing Engineers in [multi-national corporations] like Sony, LG, Samsung, and Philips, as quality controllers, research, design & development consultants, entrepreneurs, and teachers. The Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Department at Manav Rachna College of Engineering also cites rapid growth and the diverse application of the field: The field of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering is growing at a very fast pace. Over the past three decades the field of instrumentation has seen an extremely widespread application in almost all discipline of engineering e.g., mining & metallurgy, robotics, textile, rolling mills, cranes & hoists, arc furnaces, chemical engineering, process control, and static relays. Some professional societies for instrumentation that provide educational and career information about this growing field are the Instrument Society of America; the Instrumentation and Measurements Society of IEEE; the Institute of Diagnostic Engineers (US), and the Institute of Measurement and Control (UK). Ask an Expert Q: I want to work in designing entertainment systems (lights, control, FX, communication, etc.) Do firms in this industry hire Electrical, Electronic, or Computer Science Engineers? (Do they prefer one kind of engineering degree over another or is it all the same?) Also – can you refer me to resources within this highly specialized field of work? Your question refers to what is increasingly called Entertainment Engineering, a multi-disciplinary field that covers the technologies used in entertainment devices and events such as movies, concerts, opera productions, theme and amusement parks, electronic games, casinos, racing and sporting events, toys, and other forms of entertainment. The entertainment industry is a fast evolving field. Technical expertise in a wide variety of engineering disciplines is becoming the norm. Computer controlled lighting systems, robotics, structural design, pyrotechnics, and fluid dynamics are just a few of the technologies that have become important. (Taken from [2]). Job Prospects: Entertainment Engineering is a growing and quickly expanding field which is likely to become a permanent segment of the engineering job market. However, due to its historic evolvement, some individuals who studied the field believe that salaries of entertainment engineers will be lower in the next decade than salaries of engineers in disciplines such as computer engineering, electrical engineering and software engineering, as well as majors of computer science. Preferred Disciplines: there is room in entertainment engineering for engineers of several different disciplines, from electrical engineers to civil engineers. A review of current job offering profile (and of the current state of the industry) points to a slight advantage to electrical engineering majors over other branches of engineering. However there are many areas (such as computer games) where computer science and software engineering majors are likely to be the most desirable experts/employees. Resources [1] An on-line free-subscription magazine called Entertainment Engineering is available here: http://entertainmentengineering.com/index.html [2] The University of Nevada plans to offer a major in entertainment engineering: http://www.eed.egr.unlv.edu/index.cfm [3] The University of Missouri Rolla has plans to offer a major in entertainment engineering: http://www.missouri-miner.com/media/storage/paper426/news/2004/09/02/News/entertainment.Engineering-709876.shtml?norewrite200610040032&sourcedomain=www.missouri-miner.com: http://news.umr.edu/news/2004/434.html [4] The University of Greenwich offers a program in Games and Entertainment Systems Software Engineering Entertainment Systems http://www.gre.ac.uk/courses/under/sch/eng/gamentsys_beng.html [5] A job website with a section on entertainment engineering: http://jobs.entertainmentengineering.com/JS/Action/Searchresults.asp?q=y&key=Entertainment&SType=1&I1=25 [6] Several corporations have entertainment engineering divisions: http://www.mgmclaren.com/ http://www.rockwellautomation.com/industries/entertainment http://www.kftv.com/company-a6654211.html http://www.entertech.com/ http://www.birket.com/ [7] A collection of books on entertainment technology in www.amazon.com [8] An interview with an entertainment engineer: http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/engnews/fall03/EN3F/Beck.html http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/forefront/fall2003/beck.html [9] An article in IEEE Spectrum on entertainment engineering [10] University entertainment technology centers: http://www.etcenter.org/ http://www.etc.cmu.edu/Global/index.html http://picet.tech.purdue.edu/ Ask an Expert Q: What are Variable Speed Drives? Variable Speed Drives (VSDs), also known as adjustable speed drives, are large industrial electric motors whose speed can be adjusted by means of an external controller. They are used in process control and help saving energy in plants that use many powerful electric motors. The use of adjustable speed in process control matches the motor speed to the required tasks and may compensate for changes in the process's variables. The use of adjustable speed for saving energy is exemplified by the adjusting the speed of a colling fan motor to match the temperature of the machinery parts it is cooling. VSDs are effective in energy savers in pump and fan applications; "they enhance process operations, particularly where flow control is involved. VSDs provide soft-start capabilities, which decrease electrical stresses and line voltage sags associated with full voltage motor start-ups, especially when driving high-inertia loads." (S.S. Turkel, see on-line reference below) Adjustable frequency drives are a specific type of VSDs; they are controlling the rotational speed of an alternating current (AC) electric motor by controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor. More on VSDs is available in the following references (please note that Wikipedia articles can be changed by any user anytime, hence caution is advised): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_speed_drive http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Frequency_Drive Understanding variable-speed drives (S.S. Turkel) http://www.ecmweb.com/mag/electric_understanding_variable_speed_3/index.html See also: http://www.ecmweb.com/mag/electric_understanding_variable_speed/index.html http://www.ecmweb.com/mag/electric_understanding_variable_speed_2/index.html http://www.ecmweb.com/mag/electric_understanding_variable_speed_4/index.html Applying Adjustable Speed Drives to Conveyors (C. Cowie) http://www.cisco-eagle.com/systems/Conveyors/conveyor-articles/adjustable-speed-drives.htm Drives Magazine (http://www.drivesmag.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1) describes itself as "the definitive source for drives". It provides readers with opportunities to ask questions of experts in that field, here: http://www.drivesmag.com/index.php?option=com_facileforms&Itemid=72 A collection of articles about VSD technology and industry is available here: http://www.engineeringtalk.com/guides/variable-speed-drives.html You can see what commercial manufacturers offer in the VSD area by using the key words "variable speed drives" in an Internet search through a search engine such as Google.com or Yahoo.com Ask an Expert Q: I am a student from Mumbai, India. I have to decide whether to do a Bachelor of Engineering in 1) Electrical Engineering; 2) Electronics Engineering; or 3) Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. Which one will be the best, considering that I want to study later toward a Master of Science degree abroad? Also, will my choice affect my ability to pursue a Master of Science degree in Avionics? We do not believe that there is a critical difference between the preparation to graduate studies provided by reputable institutions in Mumbai (and in India overall) to students in the three areas that are subject of your question. In general, we would recommend that you follow first your professional interests if you have developed such interests at this stage. A high level of motivation is an important factor in academic success and it is always a good practice to concentrate on areas and subjects about which you are enthusiastic. If you are much more enthusiastic about one of these three areas, "go for it". A second criterion in your case should be the degree to which a particular program that you choose provide deeper and wider analytical abilities. We would shy away from programs that over-emphasize "the latest technology" because such technologies tend to be fleeting. We would recommend instead that you select programs and curricula that build your analytical strengths (e.g., more mathematics, more analytical methods). There is no substitute to analytical strength when it comes to graduate studies. A third and somewhat less important criterion may be the compatibility of the title of your program in India with educational programs that you wish to join abroad. It is entirely possible that a program in one area of study, in Germany or the United Kingdom say, will accept you for graduate studies from a an undergraduate program with a different focus in India. However you may have a small advantage applying to an electrical engineering program from an electrical engineering program; to an electronics program from an electronics program; and to a telecommunications program from a telecommunications program. If you find that in the target country where you want to do your graduate work programs in one of your candidate areas are much more popular than in the other two, you may have a small advantage enrolling under the more popular title. As we have indicated before in response to similar questions, the field of avionics employs engineers from a wide spectrum of engineering expertise areas. We do not see the selection of any of the areas you are considering as critical to future plans to work in avionics. Admittedly, it does appear that the demand for experts in electronics by avionics companies is somewhat stronger at present than in the other fields. We hardly believe that this consideration outweigh the other criteria we have outlined above. Ask an Expert Q: I am enrolled in a chemical engineering program. I would like to learn more about the job responsibilities of chemical engineers, and on the prospects of finding a rewarding and meaningful job in this field. Part 1 : What do chemical engineers do? 1.1 From the Occupational Outlook Book of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics ((http://www.bls.gov/oco/): Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry to solve problems involving the production or use of chemicals and biochemicals. They design equipment and processes for large-scale chemical manufacturing, plan and test methods of manufacturing products and treating byproducts, and supervise production. Chemical engineers also work in a variety of manufacturing industries other than chemical manufacturing, such as those producing energy, electronics, food, clothing, and paper. They also work in healthcare, biotechnology, and business services. Chemical engineers apply principles of chemistry, physics, mathematics, and mechanical and electrical engineering. Some may specialize in a particular chemical process, such as oxidation or polymerization. Others specialize in a particular field, such as materials science, or in the development of specific products. They must be aware of all aspects of chemicals manufacturing and how the manufacturing process affects the environment and the safety of workers and consumers. 1.2 From the Chemical Engineer Department webpage at the University of Adelaide (http://www.chemeng.adelaide.edu.au/future/ug/what/ ): Chemical or process engineers turn great ideas discovered in laboratories into practical devices and processes that: improve our quality of life; protect the environment; ensure products and services we purchase are cheaper and of better quality; and increase competitiveness, thereby protecting and creating jobs and wealth for communities. Chemical engineers do this using a combination of biology, biochemistry and/or chemistry with math (as well as a bit of economics and finance to predict how these ideas will work on a larger-scale outside the laboratory in the real world, and then building and operating the equipment needed to bring these ideas to life. For example, chemical engineers have helped do this by performing "research and development" or by "design and operation" of processes that: Manufacture pharmaceuticals, making them cheaper and safe for people to use; Refine oil into petrol, keeping petrol prices low and improving petrol quality so it doesn't pollute the air; Generate electricity in the most efficient fashion to preserve our natural resources and protect the environment; Create renewable fuels and energy sources to replace coal, petrol and gas; Produce safe drinking water from rivers, groundwater or the sea for city, rural and remote aboriginal communities; Safely treat toxic hazardous industrial wastes so their disposal does not harm the environment; Help the wine industry make premium wines for export more consistently and at lower cost; and Improve mining techniques, so they minimize environmental damage and cost less. Chemical engineering is very "multi-disciplinary": its principles are widely applied to a diverse range of everyday things that people do, and in almost every product and service we use. In fact almost everything that you see and touch around you has, at one time or another, been created by a process invented, designed and/or operated by a chemical engineer. Chemical engineers have the opportunity to enjoy a diverse career, and there are a range of different jobs from which to choose. You can work in a laboratory, in an office, in the outdoors or on an industrial plant, or combination of all of these in the one job. Some industries and careers that chemical engineers are involved in include: Biotechnology & pharmaceutical industries; Winemaking; Food production (e.g. beer, milk, cheese); Petrochemicals (e.g. gold, rare earths, oil refining, natural gas, plastics); Industrial Chemicals (e.g. detergents & soaps, chlorine, explosives); Mining and minerals processing (e.g. iron ore, steel manufacture, aluminum); Environmental engineering (i.e. air pollution control, water and wastewater treatment, waste disposal, resource management); Semi-conductors & microelectronics (many chemical engineers work in these areas); Nanotechnology (an emerging scientific area utilizing very small particles for diverse applications); and Management consulting (i.e. engineering business and financial management). Many chemical engineers go on to manage companies, or even start their own business. 1.3 We have provided on this site (TryEngineering.org) a description of what chemical engineers do (see http://www.tryengineering.org/become.php?major=Chemical+Engineering) and an interview with a chemical engineer, William Huang of Daniel Fluor (http://www.tryengineering.org/life.php?profile=1) . There are several additional resources where you can find useful information: The Sloane Career Cornerstone Center Center http://www.careercornerstone.org/chemeng/chemeng.htm Careers in Chemical Engineering - What Do Chemical Engineers Do? (AIChE) http://www.aiche.org/Students/Careers/CareerFAQ.aspx The University of Adelaide: What do Chemical Engineers Do? http://www.chemeng.adelaide.edu.au/future/ug/what/ The University of Arizona: What Exactly do Chemical Engineers do? http://www.che.arizona.edu/UndergraduateStudents/Prospective/whatChEdo.htm WorldWideLearn: Guide to College Majors in Chemical Engineering http://www.worldwidelearn.com/online-education-guide/engineering/chemical-engineering-major.htm Part 2: The job market for Chemical Engineers Predicting long-term employment trends in any engineering field is at best tenuous. However there are some organizations and institutions that try to collect data and make predictions. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics published an Occupational Outlook Handbook (http://www.bls.gov/oco/) and here is what it said in 2004 about chemical engineering jobs in the nited States (there were 31,000 chemical engineers in the United States n 2004, 2.1% of the total number of engineers): “Chemical engineers are expected to have employment growth about as fast as the average for all occupations though 2014. Although overall employment in the chemical manufacturing industry is expected to decline, chemical companies will continue to research and develop new hemicals and more efficient processes to increase output of existing chemicals. Among manufacturing industries, pharmaceuticals may provide the best opportunities for jobseekers. However, most employment growth for chemical engineers will be in service industries such as scientific research and development services, particularly in energy and the developing fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology.” The salary survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE, www.naceweb.org) reported in 2003 that the average starting salary for chemical engineers with a bachelor degree averaged $52,384 a year; those with a master degree received an average of $57,857, and those with a PhD degree, $70,729. A more recent (23 February 2006) NACE article quoted an average starting salary of $55,900 for chemical engineers with a bachelor degree, ahead of all other engineering disciplines and all other university majors (see http://www.doe.mtu.edu/news/degree_worth.html). In the spring of 2006, NACE published a newer estimate of $56,549 (http://www.jobweb.com/SalaryInfo/06_springupdate.htm). Additional resources: “Demand continues for civil and chemical engineers” http://www.diversitycareers.com/articles/college/05-winspr/jm_ChEs.htm Women Chemical Engineers in India http://dbtindia.nic.in/women/paper7.htm Making a Difference: Work as a Chemical Engineer (Canada) http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/2006_05_19/making_a_difference_work_as_a_chemical_engineer/(parent)/12102 New chemistry, chemical engineering graduates find strong job market (article from 2001) http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2001/A/200110400.html Working as a chemical engineer in Canada http://www.settlement.org/sys/apt_detail.asp?faq_id=4000630 Ask an Expert Q: I have just received my Bachelor of Engineering in electronics and communication). I have great interest in Nanotechnology/MEMS. Should I concentrate on MEMS or on Nanotechnology for my Master-level studies? How are job prospects in these areas? First, let us define the areas you are asking about. Nanotechnology [1] is a field of applied science focused on the design, synthesis, characterization and application of materials and devices on the nanoscale (the nanoscale refers technically to particles of the order of 10-9 meter (nanometer or nm) in size; nanotechnology often deals with particles smaller than 100nm but larger than 10-10 m or 0.1nm). Nanotechnology is a technology stemming from biology, physics, chemistry and other scientific fields, which involves the study of phenomena and manipulation of material at the nanoscale, in essence an extension of existing sciences into the that scale. The engineering focus of many efforts in nanotechnology is on the design and manufacturing of extremely small electronic circuits and mechanical devices at this scale (which is also the molecular level of matter). MEMS or Microelectromechanical Systems [2] is the technology of the very small, and merges at the nanoscale into "Nanoelectromechanical Systems" (NEMS) and Nanotechnology. MEMS devices generally range in size from a micrometer (a millionth of a meter, 10-6 m, or ƒÝm) to a millimeter (thousandth of a meter, 10-3 m, or mm). MEMS is a technology that combines computers with tiny mechanical devices such as sensors, valves, gears, mirrors, and actuators embedded in semiconductor chips. As these definitions make clear, nanotechnology is technically a subset of MEMS, though in many educational and research institutions MEMS studies are about particles in the range 1mm to 100nm and nanotechnology is about particles in the range 100nm to 0.1nm. Both MEMS and nanotechnology are relatively new technological areas where most activity is in research and development rather than manufacturing and applications. For obvious reasons, there are at present more industrial and commercial applications of MEMS than of nanotechnology. Some of the MEMS applications are in sensor technology (e.g., MEMS gyroscopes in cars) and optical switching in data communications. If you are interested in working in either one of these fields your primary opportunities at the present time are as a full fledged researcher (a position that usually requires a Ph.D. or equivalent), or as member of the support staff in research and development institutions. Most jobs are in universities and advanced laboratories of high-technology corporations ( a sample of available jobs in MEMS and nanotechnology ). Due to the small size of this segment of the job market in engineering (at least now, in late 2006) neither nanotechnology nor MEMS should be viewed as attractive fields just because of the job prospects. The attraction of these fields is in the innovative nature of the work, the pioneering nature of most efforts, and the related sense of discovery. As all work in the forefront of the state-of-the-art, there is the risk that early promise of these fields will not materialize and that developments that appear now poised to grow will stagnate and saturate. Our advice at present is to seek a Master of Science program with emphasis on the scientific basics, and select courses and thesis topics based on the availability of adequate facilities, professional mentoring, research funding, and the potential to develop the work to a Ph.D. dissertation. It is difficult to be more specific in emerging fields whose long term course and expansions prospects are still not that apparent. References Note: this reference list includes references from Wikipedia . Entries in Wikipedia may be modified by users at any time, and hence reader caution is advised. [1] Nanotechnology, in Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, accessed 1 October 2006; see also http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213444,00.html . [2] Microelectromechanical systems, in Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, accessed 1 October 2006; see also http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213444,00.html Ask an Expert Q: What is an engineering standard? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using standards in engineering? Engineering standards are documents that specify characteristics and technical details that must be met by the products, systems and processes that the standards cover. The purpose of developing and adhering to standards is to ensure minimum performance, meet safety requirements, make sure that the product/system/process is consistent and repeatable, and provide for interfacing with other standard-compliant equipment (ensure compatibility). There are several good sources on engineering standards, including the IEEE Standards in Education and Standards Association portals; the website of ASTM International ; and the website of ANSI, the American National Standards Institute. Engineers who work on wireless communications, are likely to be very familiar with the IEEE 802 standards; these deal with local area networks and metropolitan area networks. Engineers who work on building design would consult the ASCE 7-05 standard on “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.” Among other advantages, these engineers know that other engineers who need to work later on the same designs would know what to expect, and how to improve and expand the original design – as long as they know it complied with these standards. Engineering standards are of interest to designers of components, sub-systems and systems; to people who specify and purchase equipment and services, and to consumers who want to be sure of product safety and compatibility with other standard equipment they own or use. As to the disadvantages, some designs become more expensive due to their need to comply with a standard. Some engineers feel that standards impede their creativity. In addition, overly conservative or infrequently-updated standards may delay the introduction of new technology into the marketplace. Ask an Expert Q: I am an Electric Power Engineer and I am looking for a Certificate Program in Protection and Relays for Electrical power Systems from an official institute or organization in North America. We don't know of a certificate program in Power System Protection alone. There are several schools that offer Certificate Programs in Electric Power and Power Electronics. These programs require at least 3 graduate courses in the area. Here are a few examples: At the Illinois Institute of Technology: http://motor.ece.iit.edu/power/certificatecourses.html At Iowa State University: http://www.ede.iastate.edu/gradprograms.asp?gp=pe At the University of Missouri-Rolla http://soe.umr.edu/files/Electric_Power_Systems_Engineering_Feb2006.pdf#search=%22Certificate%20Programs%20in%20Electric%20Power%20%22 At the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute: http://www.pde.rpi.edu/academics/certificates/epow.shtml If you are only looking for a course on Protection, the most appropriate program are short courses offered by the University of Wisconsin, Madison, or the Georgia Institute of Technology. These are 4-7 days in duration and provide exhaustive coverage of the subject. For the University of Wisconsin courses go to: http://epdweb.engr.wisc.edu/ and search for "power" or "protection". For the Georgia Institute of Technology short courses go to: http://www.pe.gatech.edu/conted/servlet/edu.gatech.conted.course.CourseList?COURSE_TYPE=SHORT_COURSE&SUBJECT_ID=29 Ask an Expert Q: What are the opportunities in industry for holders of a Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree in Electronics and Telecommunications (E&TC) Engineering or Electronics (EC) Engineering? The degree titles mentioned in the question appear to follow the system used in India, and we decided to answer this question by looking at what Indian universities that offer E&TC and EC degrees say about the career paths that degree holders are likely to face. It is relevant to mention that E&TC and EC graduates are often the groups most sought-after by employers of graduates from electrical engineering programs in India. Here is what the Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering at the Maharashtra Academy of Engineering in Pune(http://maepune.com/home.aspxa>) says about career prospects of E&TC graduates: "Power generation, wireless communications, robotics and computer multimedia are just some examples of complex systems that require the knowledge and skills that form the basis of modern Electronics Engineering. It is often the public perception that technology solves problems, but it is actually the skill and ingenuity of the engineer that is the real driving force. It is this skill and ingenuity coupled with the technical knowledge that leads to the great range of career paths open to our graduates." The department then provides examples of student placement in various corporations, including IBM, Cisco, Accenture, TCS, Cognizant, Satyam, KPIT Cummins, HSBC, Mahindra-British Telecon, Tata Technologies, Videocon, and Wipro. A number of students continued to graduate studies in India and in other countries. Similar lists are available from other institutions. For example, on the list of SSCET (Bhilai Chhattisgarh) we find employers of E&TC engineering graduates that include Microsoft, Mahindra British Telecom, Gajra Bevels, Emerald Industries, Impetus, TCS, Gajra Gears, PCS, Oracle, Hughes Software, KanBay, Wipro, CSC, Onida, Bharati Telenet, Infosys, HCL, L&T, Sara Infosystem, IBM, CDAC, Hero Honda, JK Industries, Kirloskar, Maruti, and HP. Some graduates were also employed by the Indian Army. Overall the emerging picture is of a vibrant and heterogeneous job market, where E&TC and EC graduates can choose to work for transnational conglomerates or for small local enterprises. Following global trends, some of the jobs are in non-traditional fields such as finance, and many emphasize the software writing and system engineering skills of graduates, not their knowledge in electromagnetics and circuits. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION General description of careers in Electrical Engineering is available on our own site here: http://www.tryengineering.org/become.php?major=Electrical+Engineering. Additional information can be found on the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center page, here: http://www.careercornerstone.org/eleceng/eleceng.htm In addition, please see our answer to a related question here Ask an Expert Q: My question is about computer networks and communications. How does the Ethernet work at the MAC layer? Where can I find an explanation of the way a packet is converted into a frame and sent into a network? Ethernet is a collective name for a group of standards defining local area networks in electronic communications. These standards cover cabling and the structure of data sent over those cables, as well as the hardware that connects the cables [4]. The name comes from “luminiferous ether,” the mythical substance that was once believed to exist in space through which electricity is carried. “Net” is short for “network.” The question makes use of several terms used in communications and computer network protocol design. A communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signaling, authentication, and error detection required to send information over a communications channel [5]. The term MAC layer refers to one of the seven layers in a popular model of computer and communication networks, known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. The OSI reference model divides the functions of a communication protocol into a series of layers. Each layer has the property that it only uses the functions of the layer below, and only exports functionality to the layer above. These layers are: Layer 7: Application Layer Layer 6: Presentation Layer Layer 5: Session Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 3: Network Layer Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 1: Physical Layer Read more about the OSI model here [1]. The Ethernet [2] is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). It allows multiple devices (e.g., computers, printers) to operate and communicate through a shared physical medium. Ethernet technologies define a number of wiring and signaling standards for the OSI model physical layer, means of network access at the Media Access Control (MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format. As we read in [3], Xerox Corporation researcher Bob Metcalfe in 1973, designed and tested the first Ethernet network at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center. “While working on a way to link Xerox’s "Alto" computer to a printer, Metcalfe developed the physical method of cabling that connected devices on the Ethernet, as well as the standards that governed communication on the cable. Ethernet has since become the most popular and most widely deployed network technology in the world. The Ethernet standard has grown to encompass new technologies as computer networking has matured, but the mechanics of operation for every Ethernet network today stem from Metcalfe’s original design. The original Ethernet described communication over a single cable shared by all devices on the network. Once a device attached to this cable, it had the ability to communicate with any other attached device. This allows the network to expand to accommodate new devices without requiring any modification to those devices already on the network. Ethernet is a local area technology, with networks traditionally operating within a single building, connecting devices in close proximity. At most, Ethernet devices could have only a few hundred meters of cable between them, making it impractical to connect geographically dispersed locations. Modern advancements have increased these distances considerably, allowing Ethernet networks to span tens of kilometers.” A good resource on Ethernet is available in Howstuffworks [3]. To read about the way the Ethernet frame is created, please refer to the on-line article by Kyle Cassidy [4]. References Note: this reference list includes references from Wikipedia . Entries in Wikipedia may be modified by users at any time, and hence reader caution is advised. [1] OSI Model, in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, accessed 1 October 2006. [2] Ethernet, in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, accessed 1 October 2006. [3] How does the Ethernet Works, in Howstuffworks, accessed 1 October 2006. [4] Kyle Cassidy: An Ethernet Primer May 11, 2001; accessed 1 October 2006. [5] Communications Protocol, in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, accessed 1 October 2006. Ask an Expert Q: I am a final year student pursuing a Bachelor of Science Degree in electrical engineering and majoring in electronics. I studied digital IC design, analog IC design, and semiconductor technology (these subjects are part of my electives). With this academic background, what is the best field for me to enter a real job environment? I also like to know what are the criteria and expectations people in the industry are using when they seek fresh graduates. Digital IC design, analog IC design, and semiconductor technology - you have an excellent arsenal of topics to take to the marketplace. These specialties are in demand in many areas. For example, good analog IC designers are needed in the military/aerospace industry, in computer and communication hardware companies (especially communication and sensor networks), in laboratories that design devices (such as A/D and D/A converters, amplifiers, and frequency synthesizers) and in companies that design and fabricate in as diverse areas as power electronics, wireless telephony, and VLSI devices. There appears to be no lack of jobs in your field. I entered "analog design" in the IEEE Job Site listing search (http://careers.ieee.org)and it returned more than 100 hits. About half of them were, in my estimate, usable for a person with your qualifications. Potential employers would like to know that you "know your stuff" and will often inquire about areas where you consider yourself to be strong in order to ask you technical questions in this area (at least this is what we do in our company). They would also like to meet an active and outgoing person with a strong can-do attitude, interpersonal skills, and good communications. Employers like individuals who are willing to continue to learn on and during the job, who can work independently as well as in teams, and who are well organized, composed, and focused. While failing to recognize Ohm's Law will probably doom your candidacy, employers are not looking for mature technical experts when they interview fresh graduates. Rather, they are looking for individuals who can show that they have used their schooling to acquire and internalize basic knowledge, and have demonstrated growth potential. Employers will almost always prefer leaders to followers, and active and alert candidates to the complacent and docile. Some relevant hands-on experience (such as a summer internship or a co-op job) can go a long way to distinguish you from other candidates. You will need to prepare yourself to the interaction with potential employers and interviewers. There are many good guides and advice givers who wrote about the subject; we tend to like the narrative of "Engineers International" (http://www.engineers-international.com/careersjobsearching.html) and the "Career Development Process" described on the following Iowa State University web page: http://www.eng.iastate.edu/ecs/students/students.html Other relevant articles with potentially good advice are available here: http://www.graduatingengineer.com/articles/feature/05-23-06a.html http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/Page10696.aspx (a Canadian site) http://career.berkeley.edu/Article/040116a.stm (tips for a technical interview) http://www.icerecruit.com/career_tools/preparing_for_the_interview.asp http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/onelife/work/index.shtml?interviews#topics comprehensive interview preparation) http://www.working-smart.co.uk/default/interview.asp (interview questions) http://www.job-interview.net/index.htm http://www.engineering.ualberta.ca/nav03.cfm?nav03=42064&nav02=36463&nav01=18445 (resume writing tips) http://www.jobpilot.de/content/journal/bewerbung/index.html (in German) http://www.jeunesse.gc.ca/yoaux.jsp?auxpageid=220&ta=1&flash=1&lang=fr (interview tips, in French) http://onwin.ca/francais/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_subcategories&CategoryID=3 (collections of links on job search from Canada, in French). Ask an Expert Q: I consider several undergraduate programs available in my country with the intent of doing research (and possibly some graduate work) later in the area of nanotechnology in Japan. I have two questions: (1) Would it be better for me to study chemical engineering or electrical engineering as an undergraduate? (2) What are some of the institutions that do nanotechnology research in Japan? NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology is a relatively new collection of fields, all characterized by analysis, design and synthesis of structures whose dimensions are roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. The term "Nanotechnology" has been used recently within diverse fields such as Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Electrical, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, and sub-disciplines such as robotics. Nanotechnology was invoked in many different projects and sub-disciplines, including the design of new senors and actuators, drug delivery mechanisms, tissue engineering, design of semiconductor and optoelectronic devices, and a host of consumer goods applications. (Learn more in the Nanotechnology Now website (http://www.nanotech-now.com) and in the portal of the Institute of Nanotechnology (http://www.nano.org.uk/whatis.htm); see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology, but remember that articles in Wikipedia can be changed by anyone at anytime). SHOULD I STUDY ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING OR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AS AN UNDERGRADUATE? As we have indicated in a previous answer, it is common for researchers in nanotechnology to come from disciplines in Science and Engineering, including Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. We do not believe that one can provide a definitive answer as to whether one discipline is "better" than the other as a subject for undergraduate education when future work in nanotechnology is the objective. We suggest that you make your decision on the basis of your personal "attraction" to these disciplines once you have studied their curricula, visited some departments, and read more about the work that chemical and electrical engineers do on this site and on the Sloan Career Cornerstone website (http://www.careercornerstone.org/engineering/engineering.htm). Regardless of your choice, you will have to navigate your way through your chosen program to maximize exposure to elective courses relevant to nanotechnology. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN There is a lot of research activity on nanotechnology in Japan, as well as industrial research and development. Here are references to some of the nanotechnology research initiatives and programs in Japan. (1) Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan Toranomon 30 Mori Bldg.2F, 3-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001 Tel: +81-3-5404-3280 Fax: +81-3-5404-3290 URL: http://www.nanonet.go.jp E-Mail: info@nanonet.go.jp (2) Center for Nano Materials and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi-shi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, JAPAN Tel. +81-761-51-1459 Fax. +81-761-51-1149 http://www.jaist.ac.jp/nmcenter/home-e.html (3) Nanoelectronics Collaborative Research Center University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, JAPAN Tel: 03-5452-6245 Fax: 03-5452-6246 http://www.ncrc.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/e/index.html Project manager: Dr. Yoshikazu TOYAMA, Room Ce407, e-mail: ytoyama@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp Director of NCRC: Professor Yasuhiko ARAKAWA, Room Ee204 e-mail: arakawa@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp (4) Nanotechnology Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Central 2 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan Phone: +81-29-861-5277 Fax: +81-29-861-5548 E-mail: nanotech_info@m.aist.go.jp http://unit.aist.go.jp/nanotech/ (5) Nanotechnology research at Fujitsu: http://jp.fujitsu.com/group/labs/en/business/activities/activities-3/ (6) Nanotechnology at Hitachi: http://www.hitachi-hitec.com/global/ (7) Nanotechnology research at the University of Kobe: http://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/ (8) Nanotechnology research at Mitsui & co. (Bussan Nanotechnology Research Institute): Head Office and Research Institutes at Tsukuba Nanotech Park 2-1 Kouyadai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki Prefecture 305-0074 Japan Phone: +81-29-839-9374 FAX: +81-29-839-9375 http://www.mitsui.co.jp/en/index.html Additional useful links can be found at the site of Nanovip: http://www.nanovip.com/ Ask an Expert Q: I am a first year student in information technology in a reputable institute of India. I want to know which books would help me in my studies now and in the future. Ask an Expert Q: I am a mechanical engineering student toward the B. Tech. (Bachelor of Technology) degree, writing from Rajasthan State, India. My university is in the “Deemed University” category. It is recognized by UGC but not approved by AICTE. My grade point average is 75. Upon graduation and further studies, I am interested in becoming a Lecturer in a reputable state university such as Mumbai University (Diploma as well as Degree College). Is this a realistic plan? Before we answer the question, we need to explain a few terms for the benefit of our readers who are not familiar with the higher-education system in India. “Deemed”: A Deemed University in India is a private university. There are two kinds of universities in India. State University – usually bigger and older university that has many affiliated institutes (such as colleges of engineering). Examples: Mumbai University and Gujarat University Deemed University – a “stand alone” private university that is not affiliated to any other institution. Deemed universities are often smaller (and relatively newer) as compared to State universities. UGC = University Grants Commission of India This is the government body that grants funds and valid university status to universities across India. The functions of this body are described in the following document(starting on page 14) http://www.ugc.ac.in/policy/ugc_act.pdf AICTE = All India Council for Technical Education. While the UGC grants a valid status and funds to universities in general, AICTE is concerned with technical education, and generally focuses on engineering. AICTE provides recognition to programs upon visiting and examining them against a host of published criteria. For an example of AICTE mandate and approval of a College of Engineering, see http://www.nirmauni.ac.in/it/ (left hand side of the page). In general, a deemed (private) university that has a college of engineering is expected to get an AICTE approval and accreditation so that its programs can be recognized. It is, however, possible to operate a college of engineering in India without the AICTE designation (as is apparently the case of the university where the questioner studies). “Lecturer” is the common entry-point title given to an individual who serves on the faculty of an Indian university (the entry-point title for faculty members in the United States is “Assistant Professor”) Diploma: Admission to undergraduate college degree programs in India is based either on the 12th standard (grade) state level exams, or the national level entrance exams. Students who were not admitted to undergraduate colleges degree programs may still study at institutions that offer diplomas in various fields or tracks. To obtain a diploma one usually require 2 years of study (compared to the 4 years required by a degree program), and the focus is often more practical and vocational. Salaries of holders of diplomas are on average less than the salaries commanded by holders of bachelor-level degrees from degree programs. Answer: In our experience it is going to be highly unlikely for a graduate of a program not recognized by AICTE to find a faculty position in reputed Indian universities like Mumbai University or Gujarat University. In general it is going to be very hard to obtain such a position in either state or deemed universities of good standing. It may still be possible for a graduate of a non-approved institution to get a Lecturer position at less prestigious smaller institutions, usually located in less prominent cities and towns. If your future career plan includes a Lecturer position in a prominent university in India you need to re-examine your plans, or discuss with your current institution its plans to be recognized by AICTE in the very near future. Ask an Expert Q: Can I work on a Master of Science degree in Nanotechnology after getting a Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Engineering degree in chemical engineering? Yes, you can. Chemical engineering is one of the disciplines that intersect nanotechnology, and many chemical engineering departments consider nanotechnology a core area of research (see for example http://www.eng.rpi.edu/chme/ and http://www.eng.auburn.edu/programs/chen/) See also our previous answers to related questions: Q: I consider several undergraduate programs available in my country with the intent of doing research (and possibly some graduate work) later in the area of nanotechnology in Japan. Answer Q: I am about to select a major in engineering and would like to know the best major to select in order to excel in Nanotechnology. I hear that Nanotechnology holds enormous promise and can be helpful in areas from cleansing the air to treating bacterial infections. What schools, domestic and international, would you recommend? Answer Q: Let me please know the potential of Nanotechnology education, and the list of universities offering Masters and Doctoral degree in Nanotechnology. Answer Ask an Expert Q: Which engineering field should I select for undergraduate studies in order to be able to work later on a Master of Science degree in Nanotechnology? Please see our previous answer to the following related question: Q: I am about to select a major in engineering and would like to know the best major to select in order to excel in Nanotechnology. I hear that Nanotechnology holds enormous promise and can be helpful in areas from cleansing the air to treating bacterial infections. What schools, domestic and international, would you recommend? Answer In addition please see the following relevant answers to previously submitted questions: Q: I consider several undergraduate programs available in my country with the intent of doing research (and possibly some graduate work)later in the area of nanotechnology in Japan. Answer Q: Let me please know the potential of Nanotechnology education, and the list of universities offering Masters and Doctoral degree in Nanotechnology. Answer Q: I am enrolled in a chemical engineering program. I would like to learn more about the job responsibilities of chemical engineers, and on the prospects of finding a rewarding and meaningful job in this field. Answer Q: I am an undergraduate in Mechanical Engineering. I would like to know how this discipline is practiced in the real world. Answer Ask an Expert Q: I am unable to decide between a degree in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and computer science. Please describe the differences? The work of electrical engineers, computer engineers, and computer scientists overlap to some extent. Electrical engineering deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century in the wake of commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. The field now covers a wide range of sub-disciplines including power, electronics, control systems, electro-optics, signal processing, and telecommunications. Most recently, electrical engineering had expanded to include fields like nanotechnology and mechatronics, and there is significant activity at the interface of electrical engineering and the life sciences. Computer engineering has emerged in the late 1970s from electrical engineering, and is still considered by some to be a sub-discipline of electrical engineering. It deals with the study and application of computers, computing, and computer-based systems. The field covers a range of sub-disciplines such as computer hardware, computer architecture, hardware/software integration, computer systems engineering, and embedded systems. Computer engineering shares areas of interest with electrical engineering, software engineering, and computer science. The overlap between the computer engineering and computer science is significant. Both fields study the use of the digital computer as a tool that makes much of modern technology possible. Both disciplines study the inner workings of computers and both study hardware as well as software aspects of computer systems. Students in computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering will all study programming and basic computer operation. In many programs students will also be exposed to large scale computing, and to modern topics in design and operation of clusters and cohorts of computers and computing devices The differences between computer science and computer engineering are those of emphasis. Computer science is traditionally more concerned with the theoretical underpinnings of computation and of programming; thus one typically finds in computer science curricula courses in programming, algorithms, numerical analysis (how do you guarantee a number produced by a computer program is accurate), and the theory of computation (what can and cannot in principle be computed). Many computer science departments at U.S. universities were 1970s offshoots from departments of mathematics, and as a result the emphasis on providing a rigorous mathematical foundation for the computing disciplines is still evident in many curricula. Computer engineering programs largely developed in electrical engineering departments. As a result many computer engineering programs focus on the more practical aspects of development and use of computers, and offer courses in digital logic design and processor interfacing which build on an engineering student's knowledge of electronics and circuits. Most computer engineering programs also have ties to solid state physics and devices programs, with interests in the manufacturing of integrated circuits. At the intersection between computer engineering and computer science are courses in computer architecture (the basic construction and low-level programming of computers) and operating systems. These are often found in both computer science and engineering programs. Computer engineers are more likely than computer science graduates to build hardware. However, computer scientists are educated to know enough about hardware so that they can analyze computer system operations and interact with hardware engineers. Computer scientists often know more about underlying theory of computation, programming languages, and operating systems. An excellent source of information on these disciplines is the Sloan Career Cornerstone website. One way to gain an understanding of differences between these fields is to visit college and university websites and explore the course of study for each field in which you have an interest. To identify schools that offer these programs visit the ABET website. This answer was partially developed on the basis of the following sources: Computer Engineering Frequently Asked Questions, University of Houston Cullen College of Engineering, accessed March 2008. Computer Science vs. Computer Engineering, accessed March 2008. Electrical Engineering in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, accessed march 2008. Ask an Expert Q: Can you give advice and references on effective technical writing? Technical writing covers a large number of document categories, including technical papers and reports; laboratory, field test, and experiment reports; position papers and proposals; textbooks; user manuals, technical manuals, and product specifications; summaries of technological processes; process and procedure manuals; training manuals; papers on business opportunities and business outcomes related to technology; and resumes. Effective technical writing can make a big difference in the outcome of engineering proposals, technical papers, resumes, and reviews. Consequently, many manuals and texts were created to help with the task. The writing center at Caltech offers guidelines for effective technical writing: http://writing.caltech.edu/resources/tech-writing-tips.html The Mayfield Handbook of Technical and Scientific Writing provides more extensive treatment and includes a instructive set of examples: http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/home.htm An on-line text on technical writing by David A. McMurrey is available here: http://www.io.com/~hcexres/textbook/ A few books on the subject: The Handbook of Technical Writing, by Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu Technical Writing 101: A Real-World Guide to Planning and Writing Technical Documentation, by Alan S. Pringle and Sarah S. O'Keefe Technical Writing: Principles, Strategies, and Readings by Diana C. Reep Technical Writing for Dummies by Sheryl Lindsell-Roberts Ask an Expert Q: I love designing software and circuits. Is there a field that can I get into that allows me to do this? I also want to know what I should study to design circuit compilers, etc. Would studying microcontrollers and microprocessors be helpful to get into this field? You have very specific interests and goals. Also, you apparently have done research on courses that will provide a foundation for achieving your goals. With advances in electro technology, almost every field has a use for software, firmware and electronic circuits. Today there is a great deal of emphasis on personal communication (cell phones, personal digital assistants, iPods). New functions and devices are being introduced everyday. There are also opportunities in transportation, not only in aerospace, but in surface transportation with concepts such as smart cars and smart highways. New applications are being introduced using RFID (radio frequency identification) to track inventory and other critical shipments. Advances in energy technology are also placing increased emphasis on controlling energy production and energy use. Many appliances today are filled with chips to efficiently control energy use. The courses you mention are definitely a good place to start and will be helpful as an entry to the field. Since this is such a rapidly changing field it will be necessary for you to continue learning throughout your career. Devices that will reach the market in five years are only concepts (science fiction) at this point, and most will require extensive circuit design and software/firmware development as the concept is realized. The field is limited only by the imagination and creativity of the people who see a need and focus on satisfying that need. Ask an Expert Q: I'm planning on majoring in transportation engineering in college, but I'm a little unsure about what duties and responsibilities this type of engineer performs on their job. Could you offer me, for example, a scenario or example of a typical day as a transportation engineer? I would appreciate this very much. Thank you. A transportation engineer plans, designs, operates and manages transportation facilities while working on a wide variety of projects. Some examples of transportation engineering projects include the designing and operation of highways, airports, railroads, and public transit systems. Some examples of the type of work a transportation engineer performs is: Developing and implementing projects to relieve traffic congestion, such as bus/carpool lanes on roadways. Preparing traffic impact studies for new developments and determining transportation improvements to mitigate the additional traffic. Investigating and minimizing the effects of new transportation projects on traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, and sensitive natural environments. Improving motorist safety by conducting studies and implementing actions aimed at reducing the number of collisions and deaths on our highways. Designing and operating systems that advise drivers where traffic jams have occurred. Management of existing infrastructure. This information has been edited from the Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers. This site has other useful information about transportation engineers. Another informative site is the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) , which is an international educational and scientific association of transportation professionals who are responsible for meeting mobility and safety needs. ITE facilitates the application of technology and scientific principles to research, planning, functional design, implementation, operation, policy development and management for any mode of transportation. On this site, you can find information including technical descriptions, employment opportunities, professional development, meetings of transportation engineers, and journal articles written by transportation engineers. Ask an Expert Q: How does Automotive Engineering differ from Mechanical Engineering? Where can I study for an Automotive Engineering Degree? Please see also our answer to a previous question on a related subject Q: I write from India; currently I am in my last year of pre-university schooling. I am very interested in engineering, and especially automobile engineering. I am really interested in designing automobiles. What are the top engineering schools in the world where I could pursue these interests? Answer Automotive engineering is an applied science that includes elements of Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, and Safety engineering as applied to the manufacture and operation of automobiles, buses and trucks.(source: Answerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering) Mechanical engineering is a very broad field that involves the application of physical principles for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is made up of a number of subdisciplines concerned with the mechanics, kinematics (movement), and energy of physical objects. Practitioners of mechanical engineering, known as mechanical engineers, use principles such as heat, force, and the conservation of mass and energy in contributing to the design of vehicles and aircraft, heating & cooling systems, buildings and bridges, industrial equipment and machinery, and much more. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering) There are many colleges and universities that offer courses specializing in the area of automotive. A mechanical engineering degree would give you the necessary educational background to work in the automotive, aerospace or commercial vehicle industry, and with vehicles being more computerized and electronic, you may also want to consider a degree in electrical engineering. Here is information on some of the known Automotive Programs: Programs in The United States Masters in Automotive Engineering University of Michigan - Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Univ. Michigan Ann Arbor Website Lawrence Technological University 21000 West Ten Mile Rd Southfield, MI 48075 Lawrence Tech Univ. Website Programs in Europe: Automotive Engineering with Motorsport BEng Degree Program University of Hertfordshire College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB United Kingdom Univ. of Hertfordshire Website Automotive Engineering MEng/Beng Degrees: University of Warwick School of Engineering University of Warwick Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom Univ. of Warwick Website Coventry University Priory Street Coventry CV1 5FB United Kingdom Coventry Univ. Website Loughborough University Leicestershire, UK, LE11 3TU Loughborough Univ. Website Automotive BEng Degree: UCE Birmingham Technology Innovation Centre Millennium Point Curzon Street Birmingham England B4 7XG UCE Birmingham Website Programs in Australia Automotive Engineering Degrees: University of Adelaide School of Mechanical Engineering THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE SA 5005, AUSTRALIA Univ. of Adelaide Website Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Bachelor of Engineering, Automotive RMIT Website Additional programs are also available here Ask an Expert Q: How does the career outlook for Computer Engineering versus Electrical Engineering look? What are the differences in the degrees? Computer Engineering combines topics in Electrical and Electronics Engineering with Computer Science. The resulting curriculum trains electrical engineers who specialize in computer hardware, interaction of software and hardware, and design of software. The traditional electrical engineering curriculum includes topics like control, robotics, power, electro-physics and electro-optics. Some of these topics are under-emphasized in the computer engineering curriculum in order to provide room for subjects such as computer architecture and the theory of algorithms. Still, many computer engineers develop knowledge and interest in classical electrical engineering topics, including Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) devices, circuit design, and micro-electronics. In almost all institutions the degrees provided to electrical engineers and computer engineers represent the same level of effort, time investment, and intellectual effort. In most United States institutions the degrees are Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.), usually requiring four years of study; Master of Science (M.Sc.), usually requiring additional two years of study; and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), usually requiring 2-4 additional years of study and research. Many European countries that follow the Bologna Process have a slightly different time table (usually 3+2+3). The future of electrical and computer engineering has been the subject of wide speculations in the mass media of the United States and Europe in recent years. These are primarily due to the observation that migration of labor has shifted some jobs to countries in Asia (India, China) that were formerly under-represented in the Electrical/Computer Engineering labor market. Speculations of this kind are not new, in the 1970s the emerging labor market was Japan. Nevertheless the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that Computer software engineers will be one of the fastest-growing occupations from 2004 to 2014. Computer hardware engineers are expected to have average employment growth through 2014. "Although the use of information technology continues to expand rapidly, the manufacture of computer hardware is expected to be adversely affected by intense foreign competition." As for electrical engineers, the BLS projects that they would have "favorable employment opportunities. The number of job openings resulting from employment growth and from the need to replace electrical engineers who transfer to other occupations or leave the labor force is expected to be in rough balance with the supply of graduates. Employment of electrical engineers is expected to increase about as fast as the average for all occupations through 2014." These projections need to be taken cautiously because they often underestimate the benefits of innovation. Inventions that caused a significant quick increase in opportunities in electrical and computer engineering (such as the invention and development of the DC motor, the telephone, the radio, television, radar, the transistor, the personal computer, the compact disc, and the Internet) are seldom taken into account in the progressions anticipated by the labor economists of the BLS. Ask an Expert Q: I am doing my master's in Communication Systems from Charotar Institute Of Technology, Changa, Gujarat,India. I am now interested in getting a job abroad(USA preferably). I want to know if it is possible to convert my M.E. degree to M.S. degree which I believe US based companies prefer. Ask an Expert Q: I am currently studying toward the Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics degree in an Indian university. This year I will be applying for graduate studies toward a Master degree. (1) I do not know the various specializations within electrical and electronics engineering. Can you explain in detail the various aspects? (2) Since childhood my interest was in Aviation. Can I choose a graduate program in Aviation-related fields? If I can, what are they? Which universities are offering relevant programs in the USA and Australia? (3) Which is the best country (the US or Australia) to select with respect to research and job opportunities after I get a Master of Science degree? Your questions cover a very wide area, we will try to provide you with a flavor for the answers and add a few useful links. (1)I do not know the various specializations within electrical and electronics engineering. Can you explain in detail the various aspects? Answer: The field of electrical and electronics engineering , while not very old, is now rather vast. It includes a large number of disciplines from signal processing to power generation, from electron devices to automatic control, from optoelectronics and laser technology to information theory and telecommunications. When a person describes his/her occupation as "electrical engineer," this descriptor must be accompanied nowadays by an additional explanation. The person may be building robots, or s/he may be developing new algorithms for the next generation video gadget. Some sense of the various fields within electrical engineering can be had by looking at the list of IEEE technical societies and councils. If you follow the links to the webpages of the societies you may get a better understanding of the scope of what makes Electrical Engineering today. You may notice that one of the IEEE societies is focusing on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, which leads us to your second question. (2) Since childhood my interest was in Aviation. Can I choose a graduate program in Aviation-related fields? If I can, what are they? Which universities are offering relevant programs in the USA and Australia? Answer: many engineers who work in aviation-related fields are electrical and electronics engineers. A person with a Master of Science degree in electrical and electronics engineering is therefore highly likely to find many opportunities in aviation, aerospace, and avionics jobs. In addition, there are many educational programs that offer degrees in aerospace and related fields both in the United States and in Australia. (We have used the excellent search features on TryEngineering.org; you can refine your searches there). While the US offers many more programs than Australia, some of the Australian programs are very highly regarded and should be considered seriously. (3) Which is the best country (the US or Australia) to select with respect to research and job opportunities after I get a Master of Science degree? This is a very complicated question, because the availability of opportunities is often related to the immigration status of the person seeking them (a citizen or a visitor on a student visa) and on the type of opportunity that is being sought (a higher degree, practical training, permanent employment). In general both the US and Australia have excellent opportunities for advanced (PhD level) studies, though at present the economics appear to be somewhat more favorable for study in the US (wider availability of stipends and lower cost of living). Both the US and Australia have a tradition of allowing immigration, and their immigration procedures favor to some extent individuals with advanced degrees in technological fields. Given the volatility of these procedures and their dependence on economical trends and political considerations it is hard to predict which country will be more hospitable to a well trained professional in aerospace engineering in the next 5-10 years. Ask an Expert Q: I write from New South Wales, Australia. My marks in the High School Certificate (HSC) are a bit low, and I am concerned about admissions to university studies in electrical engineering. Do you have any pertinent advice? If a student gets low percentage on the HSC, does that mean that the student is not suitable for engineering? Do HSC marks affect the future course of the student? EXPLANATION – HIGH SCHOOL CERTIFICATE IN NEW SOUTH WALES AUSTRALIA [1] The HSC is an educational credential awarded to secondary school students in New South Wales Australia who have completed successfully senior high school level studies (years 11 and 12 or equivalent). The current (22 September 2006) version of the “Higher School Certificate” entry in Wikipedia [1] provides a detailed description of the HSC requirements, course of study, and offered courses. Websites of Australian institutions provide statistics, data, and advice [2-4]. ANSWERING THE QUESTION The HSC marks play a major role in the calculation of the Australian Universities Admission Index (UAI) – which is a measure of rank of the student among the cohort of contemporary school leavers. In our estimate, a minimum UAI of about 80 is needed for study in Electrical Engineering programs in Australia with more opportunities for students with a cutoff above 83 (cutoff UAI scores go as low as 80 and as high as 98). Here is a list of current availability of programs in Electrical Engineering and the admissions requirements Alternatively, you can conduct your own search here: http://www.uac.edu.au/course_search/search.html or look for Electrical Engineering cutoffs for 2005 and 2006 here There are some differences between the cutoffs for the Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP) courses, Domestic Fee-paying (DFEE) courses and International Fee-paying (IFEE) courses. We assume that the CSP numbers are applicable for this question. We suggest that you study the admissions requirements and analyze what programs would admit you and what programs would require additional information. If you are close to the cutoff (say, 5 points away) you may write to the Dean of Engineering on your target school and request special consideration. Some universities have a form that facilitates this process (e.g., http://www.eng.usyd.edu.au/pdf/flexible2007.pdf). You may also want to target universities who declare that UAI is only one of the criteria they use for admission. These universities use additional criteria in admissions, such as portfolios, interviews, auditions, questionnaires or even additional tests. Find out what the specific university allows you to present or do, and take full advantage of these opportunities. In some cases you may be able to increase your chances for admission by taking bridging courses in areas where you do not have credentials. If all these approaches fail, we suggest that you consider the following alternative path. Enroll in an Information Technology program (UAI cutoffs are 10 to 15 points lower than the cutoffs in Electrical Engineering in some schools). If you did very well in your first year in that course you may be able to transfer to Electrical Engineering later. Once you are in the Electrical Engineering program your HSC percentages will have no effect on your future course of study. Your achievement at the university will become the dominant factor. REFERENCES [1] “ Higher School Certificate,” in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, , accessed 22 September 2006 (note: since Wikipedia entries can be changes by any user, caution is advised in using Wikipedia entries for information and research). [2] Board of Studies NSW on-line [3] NSW HSC on line, Charles Sturt University [4] Universities Admissions Centre Ask an Expert Q: Iam A graduate of Aeronautical Engineering,Batch No/2 Sudam University of Science & technology. I felt disappointed after staying almost for two years with getting employed or Training opportunity in my field of study. Iam currently working in Different Sector a part from Aeronautical Engineering. Could you advise me on how to develop my carreer ,in order to do Msc or advise me how proceeed in order not to lose my professionism in Aeronautic's. Ask an Expert Q: what does it take for somebody to become an Electrical or Electronics Engineer? First, you can go here to see our description of Electrical Engineering (EE). We also provide information on what EEs study at the university level; make suggestions for pre-university students considering EE as a career path; and link to other helpful information. Note that the terms "Electrical Engineering" and "Electronics Engineering" are typically used to describe the same field; in the Americas "Electrical Engineer" is used more often. In Europe "Electronics Engineer" is more common. To become an Electrical or Electronics Engineer, one needs to enroll and complete successfully an accredited program of study in these fields. Often this course of study requires four to five years in a university setting, during which classes on analytical subjects and technology, as well as laboratory classes and design projects are completed. To be eligible to enroll in such programs, it is usually required that the applicant demonstrate strong analytical abilities and have completed a high school program with sufficient content in the exact sciences, language, and problem-solving skills. In some parts of the world one also needs a state license to practice, especially if the work has direct bearing on the health and welfare of the public. Not less important than these formal requirements are the personal characteristics common to many EEs. They tend to be curious people with strong preference for hands-on experimentation; they also have good sense of the practical, and they love to learn new technologies and play with new methods. Electrical and Electronics Engineering are very dynamic fields - new knowledge and new approaches are proposed and introduced all the time. Those who strive in this ever progressing environment tend to be the most original and influential EEs. Ask an Expert Q: How many years of college did it take you to become what you are now? I'm 13 years old, how can I start preparing for college? The age of 13 year is an excellent time to start planning for college. If you focus on planning you would gain better understanding of yourself, discover what you really would like to do in the future, and plan the actions that will take you to your goals. A. How long does it take to become an engineer? At the present time the typical period of academic study required for entry into the engineering profession is four (4) years. However, some programs (especially in Europe) require five (5) years. Most currently-practicing engineers in the United States and Canada started their careers after earning a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in one of the engineering fields (e.g., electrical, mechanical, civil, chemical) from an accredited program that required four years of study. This is true in many other regions of the world as well. However in some European countries, typical engineering programs require five years of study. The general trend in Europe (based on the Bologna Declaration) is toward a program of three (3) years of studies toward a B.Sc. degree followed by two (2) years of studies toward a Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree. Only M.Sc. holders are considered ready for engineering practice. It is estimated that about 77% of practicing engineers with engineering degrees in the United States hold a B.Sc as their highest degree (requiring on average 4 years). 19% hold an M.Sc. (requiring additional 2 years on average), and the remaining 4% hold a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) (requiring on average 4 years of study after the B.Sc. degree). The number of years of college it would take you to prepare for entry into the profession depend on the career path you choose and the specific type of work you wish to do. Most engineering jobs still require only a B.Sc. or equivalent. However, if you desire to do advanced development work, an M.Sc. is likely to be required; if you wish to engage in state of the art research, you probably would need a Ph.D. degree. Needless to say, entry to the profession is only the beginning. Engineering is a dynamic and fascinating discipline that advances and changes all the time. Engineers are therefore always engaged in study, either formally (through graduate university courses) or informally (through continuing education courses and by participating in professional conferences and workshops). The majority of employers of engineers understand that learning is an integral part of the engineer's job, and provide opportunities and time to facilitate this goal. B. What kind of preparations should I make so that I can study engineering in college? 1. Understand what interests you You can gain understanding of what interests you by reading on science and engineering. Our site TryEngineering.org is a good place to start, and many useful links are also available here. Other good sites include: NASA for kids, Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century, US Army Corps of Engineers Education Center, Discover Engineering, Optics for Kids, NOAA education, Engineergirl, and JETS. Watch TV programs on science and engineering. For example, Wired Science, Science Investigators and the 22nd Century on PBS. Other programs of note are Nature, NOVA, and Scientific American Frontiers. There are many interesting programs on science and technology on the Discovery Channel. Of course there is a lot you could read. Examples include: the Oddessy magazine,YES Mag, Science News for Kids, and Ranger Rick. We recommend that whenever possible, you visit science museums. They offer a wealth of activities and many useful demonstrations. Three of our favorites are the The Franklin Institute Science Museum, the Exploratorium, and Deutsches Museum. 2. Take action You can take a more active role by participating in relevant activities at your school and in your community. Such activities include science clubs, model air plane and rocket clubs, and scouting organizations. Get involved to determine your real level of interest. Participation in leadership positions in these organizations will be of value when you apply for entrance to college. Take part in a science fair. Find a competition where you can test your interests and skills, and meet young people who share your interests. See if there is a summer camp you can participate in. Check with local universities - quite often they have camps and open houses for young people. 3. Ask around Identify friends and associates of your parents, relatives or neighbors who work as engineers or scientists. Talk to them. This is a particularly good source, as the information comes directly from people who have chosen engineering careers; they are experiencing daily the rewards, frustrations, and challenges of engineering. If you can, talk to university professors who teach engineering. Get their opinion on the different fields and on what they consider "hot" or "up and coming." 4. Visit web sites of colleges and universities Use our Find a University feature to surf the sites of engineering departments and schools in your locale. You may be able to learn a lot about the subjects they teach, and gain an understanding of their requirements and the different tracks they offer to students. 5. Make the right course selections Discuss your course choices with your school counselors, and visit the Become an Engineer section of this site that offers preparation tips. Among the advice given there are courses you want to consider and programs and projects that can help. For additional advice see the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center. 6. Commit yourself to learning During the next few years of your pre-university education try to develop good study habits that will be of benefit throughout your life. Define your educational goals and make plans to reach them. Understand your weekly "time budget" and make adjustments to ensure that enough time (and the right time) is allocated to study, problem solving, and enrichment. Allocate your study time wisely between the different subjects and assignments, and make sure you give yourself the opportunity to develop and learn new subjects. Ask an Expert Q: I write from Bangalore, India. I study toward a diploma in Mechanical Engineering and wish to join later a part time Bachelor of Engineering program. Can this be done in either one of the following locations; Bangalore, Chennai, and Ajmer? The person who asked this question is working at present toward a credential which is less than a recognized baccalaureate degree in engineering. He wishes to take further studies that will provide him with a baccalaureate degree credential. He wants to accomplish this task using part-time studies. This path is not very common in India, where the undergraduate degree is pursued full time by almost all students for the degree. The question is made even more challenging by the locations the student asks about. These are: Chennai (in Tamil Nadu � South India);Bangalore (in Karnataka � South India,); and Ajmer (in Rajasthan � West India) A) Chennai The main university in Chennai is Anna University. It has more than 230 colleges affiliated to it. We searched for part-time mechanical engineering, automobile engineering, and manufacturing engineering programs using the following link, http://www.annauniv.edu/department/index.php. The results are: 1) College of Engineering, Anna University (this is one of the constituent colleges of Anna University). 2) Madras institute of Technology (B.E. Automobile Engineering , B.E. Production Engineering) 3) Thanthai Periyar Govt. Institute Of Technology 4) Govt. College Of Engineering, Salem 5) A.C College Of Engineering & Technology, Karaikudi 6) Govt. College Of Engineering, Tirunelveli B) Bangalore The admission process in engineering colleges in the state of Karnataka is governed by the CET (Common Entrance Test) which is a state level examination. The main university in Karnataka State is the Visvesvarya Technological. There are close to 100 engineering colleges affiliated to it. We recommend that the student contact the university office to get details of part-time programs that are offered by colleges affiliated to this university. C) Ajmer There are two engineering colleges in Ajmer. They do not offer a part time Bachelor of Engineering programs. The colleges are: 1) Engineering College, Ajmer; and 2) Ajmer Institute of Technology D) Distance learning: EDUSAT A very good path for part time BS/BE/BTech degree studies in India is the distance learning option. India has launched a dedicated satellite called EDUSAT for networking various colleges across the nation to provide distance e-learning programs. Ask an Expert Q: What is the reason why a logic gate cannot be made by using only n-channel MOSFETs (nMOSFETs) or p-channel MOSFETs (pMOSFETs)? The question is about a semiconductor device called metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), which is composed of a channel of n-type or p-type semiconductor material. Contrary to the premise of the question, a logic gate can be made of MOSFETs of one kind only. For example, see a design of a NOR gate using nMOS technology here. The reason such circuits are often not preferred is that whenever the output is low, DC current flows through the nMOS gate. "This leads to static power dissipation even when the circuit sits idle."[1] (A similar "mirror" problem exists with pMOS gates). "Also, nMOS circuits are slow to transition from low to high. When transitioning from high to low, the transistors provide low resistance, and the capacitative charge at the output drains away very quickly. But the resistance between the output and the positive supply rail is much greater, so the low to high transition takes longer. Using a resistor of lower value will speed up the process but also increases static power dissipation."[1] CMOS logic uses a combination of nMOS and pMOS components to create gates that ideally have no current flow except when the inputs change. "CMOS accomplishes this by complementing every nMOSFET with a pMOSFET and connecting both gates and both drains together. A high voltage on the gates will cause the nMOSFET to conduct and the pMOSFET not to conduct and a low voltage on the gates causes the reverse. During the switching time the voltage goes from one state to another and both will conduct. This arrangement greatly reduces power consumption and heat generation."[2] A nice illustration of how any type of logic gate can be created from a combination of nMOS and pMOS transistors is provided in this website of the University of Utah. References [1] nMOS logic from Answers.com. [2] MOSFET from Wikipedia. (Note: Wikipedia entries can be changed by any user at any time. Caution is advised.) Ask an Expert Q: I'm G.Kaviarasu,studying B.E(electronics & communication)first year at thiagarajar college of engg.,Madurai,India.I'm interested in undergoing project works on nanotechnology(for beginners).So, please guide me. Ask an Expert Q: i am studing in B.tech.INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY at thiyagarajar college of engineering,Madurai,tamilnadu,india my question is what is the correct time& way to prepare for CAT and which meterial i may use another question after finishing B.Tech may i choose NANO TECH. Ask an Expert Q: I am a student at Red Mountain High School and we would like to have an engineer come and tell us more about engineering fields. How can we arrange that? If you would like an engineer or engineering student to work with you one-on-one or come to your school to talk about engineering, we suggest that you review the engineering society links on this site and send your request directly to the appropriate society which represents the type of engineer that you would like to visit. We also recommend contacting the engineering departments at local colleges or universities, and ask if a professor or a group of students can come visit your class and discuss engineering and their experiences in an engineering department. We believe you are writing from Mesa, Arizona in the United States; in this case you may want to contact the office of Student Outreach and Retention Programs in the Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering at Arizona State University. You can also find information about the different disciplines in engineering and engineering technology on this site by clicking on the engineering majors and engineering technology majors sections of this web site. Ask an Expert Q: I am a senior in high school and have been taking a class called Project Lead the Way: Principles of Engineering. In this class, we cover the basics of what engineers do and what we need to do to increase our chances of becoming engineers in the future. One of the ways we are supposed to achieve this goal is by interviewing an engineer. I was hoping you could help me. We have forwarded your questions to an engineer with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering who works in the United States for a small private company specializing in digital control. He graduated ten (10) years ago and joined the company seven (7) years ago. Interview Q: Describe the duties and responsibilities of someone working in electrical engineering. What are some specific jobs in this field? Electrical Engineering is a deep and wide field and it will be hard for me to provide a meaningful overview in a few sentences. You may want to visit the description of electrical engineering on this site and on the Sloan Career Center site . The duties and responsibilities of electrical engineers vary – from design and testing in the laboratory to managing large teams that design future fleets and major infrastructure projects. Q: What are some projects you’ve worked on? Most of my work was on improving automation and control systems on ships. Many current architectures of control systems on commercial as well as military ships have been designed in the 1940s and 1950s. There are major opportunities to upgrade them now, using advanced electronics and computing technology. Q: Do you have assignments that seem to drag on forever, or are they usually pretty quick? I work in a structured environment, where we have customers, projects, and concrete goals, all organized along tight timelines. As a result, no major activity can be allowed to drag. If an assignment drags it was either non critical to start with, or it is an internal improvement we wanted to implement, not related to any specific project or product. Q: How much of your time is spent on the computer? I assume you mean my personal computer. Time spent on my personal computer varies dramatically. I may be on the computer two whole weeks all day, day after day, engaged in design, computer programming and communications. I may then spend two weeks installing equipment on ships and meeting with customers, with little, almost no interaction with a personal computer (I check e-mail on my Blackberry device). Q: Does your job deal mainly with people, data, or things? Yes to all. I deal with people, both inside and outside the company. I do a lot of data collection and data analysis; and I build, test, and install devices and systems. Q: Are there any specific tools or equipment required for your job? I need experimental facilities; some of them were built over the year by our company for our own use. Others we rent, or use under an agreement with our customers. I also need special-purpose modeling and simulation software, which sometimes can be very expensive and complex. Q: What are the advantages of this occupation (electrical engineering)? It is very dynamic, new inventions and techniques are constantly making old approaches obsolete. Life is very interesting, there is no lack of challenges, there is much more work than we could ever possibly do. Q: Are there any disadvantages of this occupation (electrical engineering)? Well, our occupation is very dynamic, and new inventions and techniques are constantly making old approaches obsolete... As a result, we are always in flux, and if you do not get yourself updated on a regular basis and move with the times, you find yourself behind really fast… Q: How about advancement opportunities? I work in a small company and am much less concerned about my personal advancement opportunities, and much more concerned about our company’s. If we get more contracts and grow I will grow with the company, and will also see significant financial gains (I am a share holder as well as an employee). Otherwise all of us at the company will become less important (and poorer…) Q: Are employers evenly distributed or are they concentrated in certain areas of the country? Electrical engineering employers are dispersed all over the country and the world. Our company has only one permanent facility. However you will find our employees in every major US port and in some ports outside the US, taking measurements and installing equipment. Sometimes we work on ships that are in transit, and our employees are then working “somewhere in the ocean”. Some of our employees work in facilities of or customers, in some cases for years. Q: Does where you live make a difference in your salary? It would but only to cover the differences in cost of living. The cost of living is different in Wichita Kansas, Frankfurt Germany, and Manhattan Borough in New York. Our company (and our customers) are aware of this, and our fees reflect these differences. Q: Do you have to travel? Yes, I have more frequent flier miles than I know what to do with. Q: So do most people work for themselves, private industry, or the government? I estimate that roughly 70% of electrical engineers are in the private sector, working for private corporations, about 20% are in the employ of the government, and about 10% are unaffiliated consultants and free lancers. Q: What is the beginning, average, and top pay one could expect to earn working in electrical engineering? The average starting salaries of electrical engineers in the United States are $51,888 for holders of B.Sc. degree; $64,416 for holders of a M.Sc. degree; and $80,260 for holders of a Ph.D. The median salary of electrical engineers is $71,160. The average salary of the lowest 10% is $ 47,310. The average salary of the top 10% is $108,070. Q: How many hours do you work per week? I work between 45 and 65 hours a week. Q: What are the retirement benefits? My employer has arranged for us to participate in a defined contribution program [401(k)] into which we deposit some of our salary and the employer matches some of our contribution. You can read more about this type of contribution here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/401(k). I made sure that the portfolio of my 401 (k) program (into which I rolled money from the pension plan of my previous employer) is well balanced and it has grown very nicely over the last few years. Barring a major economical downturn my wife and I will be able to retire very comfortably one day. Q: In what kind of environment is the work done? I work in laboratories of my company, universities that collaborate with us, and several customers. I do a lot of work on ships of all kinds. The environments therefore vary widely, and I may spend a week in a quiet university laboratory and a week on the noisiest Navy ship. If I have to write a proposal I may not even come to work, but stay at home and do it. Q: Is it possible to work at home (like if you’re sick)? It is possible to work at home, and I do. If my work requires mostly reading of material, analysis, or writing, I will let my supervisor know and do the work in my home office. This requires that I isolate myself from the rest of the family and lock myself in the home office(we have two small children at home) – otherwise nothing gets done… Q: Do you work alone or with other people? Yes to both. Some of my work is done alone – analysis, writing reports, preparing proposals. Some of my work – testing, integrating analysis results, designing experiments and installation missions – requires others, sometimes group as large as 10-15 people. Q: Were there any tests or licenses you had to get before you became an engineer? Theoretically I had to get a license (Professional Engineer). I do not have one, most of my colleagues do not have one, and no one seems to ever care. Q: What is your most satisfying experience so far? I was able to improve the efficiency of certain operations on ships to a degree that surprised their owners greatly. In some cases we saved the owners hundreds of thousands of dollars per year. In other cases we were able to reduce lengthy and dangerous maintenance tasks to a small fraction of their former duration. These achievements are very satisfying. Q: Is this what you thought you were going to do in high school? Not really. I had no idea what I wanted to do in high school. Only after spending some time as a “major not declared” engineering student I developed an inclination toward what I do now. Q: How about in college? I had a co-op job with the US Navy during my second year in College. This was a defining period for me. At the end of this assignment I knew I want to do control design for ships. This is my job now and possibly forever. Q: What degree did you get in college? I have a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering. I have a minor in mechanical engineering. I am halfway through a Master of Science program in electrical engineering but progress is slow. Q: How long have you worked in your profession? It has been 10 years since I graduated and I have been fully employed all these years. Q: Do you have any advice for someone looking to go into electrical engineering? I think it is a wonderful profession which I recommend highly. The only regret I have is that I did not go directly to graduate school for my M.Sc. after getting the B.Sc. degree. If you can study continually until you get your Master’s you have an advantage. Q: Is there anything you like to add? Your questions did not capture the creativity that our profession requires. There are always intellectual and practical challenges that require creative thinking, non-traditional solutions, and deep analysis of systems and processes. Electrical engineering is for people who are willing to be imaginative and even daring. Ask an Expert Q: What type of academic degrees are offered in engineering, and how long does it take to study for them? (A) The Baccalaureate Degree The first (baccalaureate) degree in engineering is usually the Bachelor of Science degree (in an engineering field), abbreviated as B.Sc.or B.S., or the Bachelor of Engineering degree (B.Eng, or B.E., or B.E.Sc, or BAI - Baccalaureus in Arte Ingeniaria (Latin)). Some engineering students receive a Bachelor in Applied Science degree (B.A.S.) or B. Phil (Bachelor of Philosophy, in Britain). Another baccalaureate degree title for engineers is Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech, mostly in India and Pakistan). Some degrees have the additional designation (hon) for "with honors" - often indicating additional work, lab experience, or project. In the United States the most common first degree for engineers is B.Sc. in India it is the B.Tech or B.E. The baccalaureate degree by any name requires between 3 and 5 years of study, with the most common term (everywhere but in Western Europe) being 4 years (most 3-year and 3.5-year programs are in Western Europe). There are distinctions between the different baccalaureate degrees in some countries, for example in Britain a BEng (with more Physics and Applied Mathematics) is a higher degree than B.Sc. in engineering. The British degree MEng (Master of Engineering) is also an undergraduate (4-year) degree. (B) Master of Science (in engineering) - M.S. or M.Sc. This is the most common graduate degree conferred on students who have completed additional 18 to 30 months of study after receiving their baccalaureate degree and submitted (and defended) a thesis. Some schools in the United States offer a M.Sc. to students who have taken courses only (no thesis). Others confer on such students a Master of Engineering (MEng) degree. In other countries, MEng and M.Sc. are either essentially the same or they reflect different balance between coursework and research. However, the British MEng is an undergraduate degree. (C) The "Engineer" degree The "Engineer" degree, which has become quite rare, is a graduate academic degree intermediate in rank between a master's degree and a doctorate (U.S.). In Europe it represents 6-year degree equivalent to a master's degree. (D) Doctoral degrees The most common doctoral degree for engineers who have taken advance coursework beyond the Master level requirements, and have, in addition, written and defended successfully an original dissertation is Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., Philosophiæ Doctor; in Britain sometimes D.Phil.). Individuals who receive the Ph.D. have often complete required courses and some form of comprehensive examination (the "candidacy exam" which makes the student into "a Ph.D. candidate." ) The major task of the candidacy stage is the writing and defense of a major original contribution to the student's academic discipline. This contribution usually amounts to a written dissertation ranging in length from 50 to 800 pages (or 50,000 to 100,000 words). Dissertations typically consist of a comprehensive literature review, an outline of a methodology, and also include several chapters of scientific analysis, data analysis, or detailed description of new theory and experimentation. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D., accessed 14 September 2006). The Ph.D. is usually a "university degree" as opposed to a "departmental degree" in the sense that it is conferred by the university faculty as a whole in Philosophy (and not in an engineering field; there is no "Ph.D. in electrical engineering" in spite of the ommon usage of such terms.) Obtaining the Ph.D. often requires 4-6 years after getting the baccalaureate degree. Some schools offer a "direct path" from a B.Sc. to a Ph.D. Other require an M.Sc. degree (or equivalent) in between. Other doctoral degrees in Engineering are: Engineering Doctorate (EngD) - awarded by twenty universities in the United Kingdom (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Doctorate) Doctor in Engineering (D.Eng) - a structured European four year degree requiring coursework and successful defense of an original dissertation. In the United States and Canada, Doctor of Science (D.Sc or Sc.D) is an equivalent of the Ph.D. (used by schools such as The George Washington University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Queen's University.) There is a system of "higher doctorates" in some countries in Europe which we do not cover in this answer. References Here are a few Wikipedia URLs on degrees and engineering degrees. As is always the case Wikipedia entries can be changes by any reader, and caution is advised. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Applied_Science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Doctorate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_doctorate Other sources: http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/PostgraduateTraining/EngineeringDoctorates/default.htm http://www.gabbai.com/academic/articles/engineering-doctorates/ Ask an Expert Q: Can you point me in the direction of information concerning the new technologies that are being used in the electric power industry? Why would I want to go into power engineering? Until around 1990, when England began restructuring the electrical supply market from public control to private ownership, the electric power industry had been controlled by regulated monopolies under fixed pricing. Since then, the general trend has been towards privatization and deregulation of the electric power industry. At the same time, demand is increasing for cleaner burning fuels and power plants, efficient small-scale generation, and pollution control technologies. This confluence of privatization, deregulation, environmental pressures, as well as advances in information technology, have catalyzed a transformation of the power engineering field, resulting in a range of new and exciting technologies. Some of the new technology is represented in future power stations: The Iowa Stored Energy Park will store the energy from a large wind farm by compressing air into an underground geologic structure. During peak power demands, the stored air will be released, mixed with a fuel and used to power combustion turbines that produce environmentally friendly and economical electricity. The energy park will enable utilities to diversify their power supply with renewable energy. Another example is the Girassol Solar Power Plant will be a 62 MWp photovoltaic power station, located in the municipality of Moura, in the interior region of Alentejo, Portugal, which is one of the sunniest regions in Europe. The 62 MW project will have almost 190,000 solar panels (providing 32 MW of power) in fixed positions, and a further 52,000 panels (providing 10 MW of power) will be fitted to solar trackers which follow the sun across the sky. Some helpful links Electric power industry overview from the U.S. Energy Information Administration. IEEE Power Engineering Society IEEE Pre-University Education provides resources for pre-university students about education and career options in electrical, electronic, and computer engineering. Electrical power industry at Wikipedia: accessed on July 15 2007. Note that entries in Wikipedia may be modified by users at any time, so reader caution is advised. Power Electronics Techhnology magazine: An online magazine for electronics design engineers with a focus on power systems. Ask an Expert Q: my name is james sarkar, i am a junior at northwestern high school in maryland and i am doing a project on mechanical engineering and so if u can, can u send the competed interview asap. i will be eternally grateful. i need some answers for an interview that consists of 25 questions and here they are... 1.why did you choose mechanical engineering and ur career? 2.what do kind of products do you work on?cars....factory machinery, planes, etc.. what is your salary that you earn? 3.what degrees do you have for this field of engineering?bachelor's degree of science, p.h.d, masters, etc.. 4. what is the main goal of a mechanical engineer? 5.what engineering firm do you work for? 6.where is it located? 7.what is the most successful project that you have worked on so far? 8.why is mechanical engineering so important to the world? 9.if i was to have a career of mechanical engineering, what college courses would i have to take? 10.how many credits would i need? 11.what classes in high would you recommend to take inorder to be prepared for a future career in this field? 12.are there certain types of mechnical engineering? 13,if so, what are they? 14.what are the steps you take in designing new technology? 15.What college did you go to? 16.when did you know you wanted to be a mechanical engineer? 17.Is this the career you expected it to be? 18.how was your first day of being a mechanical engineer? 19.do you help build or do you strictly design your products? 20.at one point have you helped design cars? 21. if so, for which company, if not, have you thought about designing cars? 22.how many different kinds of machinery, equipment, and products have you worked on, desinging, and building? 23.Do you have a different task to do everyday or do u keeo working on one thing until it is done? 24.has mechanical engineering been a great learning and working experience for you? 25.what have you learned from being a mechanical engineer? my alternate e-mail address is docta j 4lif@aim.com Ask an Expert Q: Iam an Automobile Technology Diploma holder and having membership of IMI UK and holding 16 years' automobile after sales-service experience. Please advise me in getting profession BSc Or BTech Degree in Automobile Engineering /Technology Ask an Expert Q: Could you list current topics under Grid Computing that can be presented as a paper? Grid Computing is "an emerging computing model that provides the ability to perform higher throughput computing by taking advantage of many networked computers to model a virtual computer architecture that is able to distribute process execution across a parallel infrastructure. Grids use the resources of many separate computers connected by a network (usually the Internet) to solve large-scale computation problems. Grids provide the ability to perform computations on large data sets, by breaking them down into many smaller ones, or provide the ability to perform many more computations at once than would be possible on a single computer, by modeling a parallel division of labor between processes." Here is another definition of Grid Computing, from the IBM website: "Grid computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing and data resources such as processing, network bandwidth and storage capacity to create a single system image, granting users and applications seamless access to vast IT capabilities. Just as an Internet user views a unified instance of content via the Web, a grid user essentially sees a single, large virtual computer. At its core, grid computing is based on an open set of standards and protocols — e.g., Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) — that enable communication across heterogeneous, geographically dispersed environments. With grid computing, organizations can optimize computing and data resources, pool them for large capacity workloads, share them across networks and enable collaboration." One application of grid computing is in allowing communities to share resources as they tackle common goals. "Science today is increasingly collaborative and multidisciplinary, and it is not unusual for teams to span institutions, states, countries and continents. E-mail and the web provide basic mechanisms that allow such groups to work together. But what if they could link their data, computers, sensors and other resources into a single virtual laboratory? So-called Grid technologies seek to make this possible, by providing the protocols, services and software development kits needed to enable flexible, controlled resource sharing on a large scale." (Article by Ian Foster in "Nature") Examples of "philanthropic" use of grid computing include: Compute Against Cancer; and Fight AIDS at home. These efforts link together a large number of personal computers to solve difficult computational problems of social interest. Other grid projects include: Grid Physics Network project European Data Grid Particle Physics Data Grid Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Grid The Globus Project The Global Grid Forum Here are several topics suitable for a paper on grid computing: (1) The technology and impact of "philanthropic computing" projects. (2) Economic models for grid computing (see for example Buya et al. 2003). (3) Major initiatives and tools available for grid computing. (4) Trust and security in grid computing. (5) The use of Agent Technology in grid computing. Access to abstracts (and some full papers) on the subject is available through scientific search engines such as Google Scholar and Scirus. Ask an Expert Q: I want know about retinal recognition technology or retinal scan indetity technology. Retinal scan is a technique used in Biometrics, the technology that seeks to recognize humans by physical and behavioral traits. Examples for application of Biometrics include access control based on optical scan of the retina or the fingerprint of the person who seeks entry, or idetification of a perptrator of a crime based on data from such scans. We quote from the entry "Retinal Scan" in Wikipedia: "The human retina is stable from birth to death, making it the most accurate biometric to measure. It has been possible to take a retina scan since the 1930s, when research suggested that each individual had unique retina patterns. The research was validated and we know that the blood vessels at the back of the eye have a unique pattern, from eye to eye and person to person. A retinal scan involves the use of a low-intensity light source and coupler that are used to read the blood vessel patterns, producing very accurate biometric data. It has the highest crossover accuracy of any of the biometric collectors, estimated to be in the order of 1:10,000,000. (Current) technology is capable of capturing a retinal scan in less than 2 seconds...Retina scan technology is used for high end access control security applications." A related biometric authentication technique uses Iris Recognition. See also "how does a retinal scan work?" in Wisegeek. Ask an Expert Q: My son, who is only 8, has had an insatiable interest in 'how things work’. He was obsessed with a documentary on the Hoover Dam at age 3, I have always had to keep my vacuum etc hidden else he takes it apart, He begs to watch the Science channel when other kids beg for cartoons, the list goes on. My problem is I don't know how to keep this interest going, He did Lego camp this summer, but the schools science is really a writing class, is there science clubs, programs, etc HELP!!! He loves all science. Any suggestions for his age now??? We live in Central Bucks area on PA Congratulations on having a precocious and inquisitive son. However, it is with some trepidation that I respond to your questions. As a retired engineer, who is also a father and a grandfather, and who was at one time a young lad with an inquisitive mind, I can only endorse your son’s behavior. Now the issue is to focus his inquisitiveness into productive, or at least, non-destructive avenues of exploration. It was easier in the good old days. Appliances were assembled using screws, nuts and bolts. Radios had discreet components (vacuum tubes, resistors, capacitors and coils). They could be taken apart safely and with little difficulty, and sometimes even put back together and restored to proper working order. On some occasions restoring the appliance to proper working order was more difficult than anticipated at the time of disassembly and required intervention by a parent, generally male. On those not too rare occasions I not only learned about technology but also about discipline and vocabulary, much to the other parent’s discomfort. Later I had to address similar issues with my children. However, technology has advanced and many appliances and electronic devices today are compact with components molded into place or force-fit and riveted. They are not easy to take apart and impossible to reassemble. Electronic equipment (and almost everything else) has chips. There is not much to be learned by looking at a chip. A new outlet for exploration is needed. There are several science and technology related clubs that may provide a positive learning experience through building. These include model airplane, rocketry, amateur radio and computer clubs to name a few. Most of these are for older children however some may let a well behaved younger child participate. I grew up across the river in Ewing, NJ and developed an interest in amateur radio. The Delaware Valley Radio Club has its club station (W2ZQ) near I-95. Having moved from the area I am no longer familiar with the membership or their receptivity to working with young people. Computer clubs may also be an area of interest. Some of the more experienced enthusiasts may have old equipment that they would be willing to provide to young people for supervised disassembly. Old desk-top computers have components that are easy to remove and replace. The Scouting program can also be a constructive outlet. The pinewood derby for Cub Scouts focuses on making a model race car. With proper supervision a child can learn about the effects of gravity, streamlining and proper preparation of wheel bearings. In some areas Lego robots are attracting the interest of young people. Ask an Expert Q: I am an undergraduate student of Mechatronics Engineering, and I developed an interest in the broadcasting field after being an intern. I wish to continue for Master of Science studies in this field. Can you recommend a university in the United States, Australia, or Japan? We find your field of study interesting, since there are so few programs at present in Mechatronics Engineering. Regardless of this issue, there are many excellent opportunities to specialize in Broadcast Technology in all three countries you mention, the US, Australia, and Japan. These opportunities are in departments of electrical engineering or electrical and computer engineering. The number of US universities with good programs in broadcasting is too large to enumerate. They include the programs in the University of Texas at Austin; Villanova University; New Mexico State University; Auburn University; and Arizona State University. In Australia I suggest you look at the Monash University; University of New South Wales; University of Queensland; University of Melbourne; the Australian National University; and Victoria University of Technology. In Japan we suggest you look at the programs of Kyoto University and the University of Tokyo. You may also want to write to the members of the IEEE Broadcast Technology Chapter in Japan, who may offer additional guidance. Additional information about Broadcast Technology may be found on the website of the IEEE Broadcast Technology Society. More information can be found here and here. Ask an Expert Q: I was wondering what types of mathematics an engineer uses on a day to day basis. For example, do they use calculus concepts daily? According to the definition given by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), engineering is the "profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences...is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of [hu]mankind." The definition underscores the importance of mathematics in engineering, while also reinforcing the proper role of theory with respect to applications. Unlike mathematics and natural sciences, where mathematics is used to discover truths about the natural world, engineers use whatever math they need to solve the problem at hand. Since engineers solve a wide array of different problems, the types of math they apply will vary according to the application. There are, however, some fundamental areas that most engineers are likely to encounter in their careers. Calculus is certainly one of them; any problem that has variables that are changing with respect to one another, like position and time, or voltage and time, or position and voltage involves calculus. When these variable and their derivatives are included in an equation, you have another fundamental area of mathematics for engineers called differential equations. An example of a mechanical engineering relationship defined by derivatives is that the derivative of position is velocity, and the derivative of velocity is acceleration. Knowing these relationships can help you solve for any of the variables (position, velocity, and acceleration). You can check out eFunda for a reference to the primary areas of mathematics in engineering. While some engineers may spend a lot of time at the whiteboard drawing models and writing equations, others may spend most of their time each day testing systems in the field and gathering data. Often, engineers use software programs designed for complex computation such as Matlab and Maple. But regardless of the extent to which engineers use a particular type of mathematics in their daily work, all of their thinking towards solving problems is informed by the principles and logic of these foundations of mathematics. Ask an Expert Q: What is the difference between an electrical engineer and electrical engineering technologist? Both electrical engineers and electrical engineering technologists work in common fields, and career paths may be similar. There is a significant amount of overlap in the careers of these two professional fields. In both disciplines students may obtain a BS degree and continue on to graduate school to obtain a MS and PhD. In some areas local community colleges offer an Associates Degree in Engineering Technology on completion of 2 years of study. In many cases, graduates of these programs may go on to a four year college and obtain a BS in EET. To identify schools that offer these programs visit www.abet.org. Key differences between EE and EET programs are in the level of mathematics required. EE programs require a higher level of advanced math for completion of technical courses. EET programs tend to be more hands-on with emphasis on testing and analysis of results. An excellent source of information on these two disciplines is the Sloan Careers Cornerstone site at www.careercornerstone.org. In some states, graduates of EET programs are required to obtain more professional experience prior to sitting for the Professional Engineering Exam than do graduates of EE programs. Information on these requirements may be obtained from the website of the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) at www.ncees.org. This site has links to the licensing agency of many states. Ask an Expert Q: I am looking for a few websites that provide up to date information on new/newer electronic technologies. Several websites that provide up to date information on current technologies, including cutting edge electronic industry related articles, news, and reports, can be found here: IEEE Spectrum Online The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) is the world's leading professional association for the advancement of technology. As the online counterpart to IEEE Spectrum magazine, IEEE Spectrum Online “explores the development, applications and implications of new technologies. It anticipates trends in engineering, science, and technology, and provides a forum for understanding, discussion and leadership in these areas.” Technology Review Published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), this site provides information on emerging technologies and their impact on business and society. New Electronics This website provides content on electronic design and development, electronic software and electronic design services. The Technology section provides editorial features with topics including Electronics Research and Development and Electronic System Design. EDN This online edition of the EDN: Electronics Design, Strategy, News magazine, includes information regarding electronics applications, products, technology, and design techniques. Ars Technica A technology-related website with an emphasis on personal computing. Presents news stories with commentary, articles, guides, and an online forum. Wired News A daily technology news website with in-depth coverage of current and future trends in technology, and how they are shaping business, entertainment, communications, science, and politics. Science Daily A source for the latest research news with articles, videos, images, and books on topics including health and medicine, mind and brain, earth and climate, space and time, matter and energy. Electronics news can be found under the sub-topic of electronics engineering located in the matter and energy section. Ask an Expert Q: What are the differences between ACM and IEEE ? Based on your question I assume you are interested in knowing more about professional and technical organizations for individuals who may pursue a career in computers and information technology. Both ACM and IEEE have extensive programs for computing and information systems professionals and students preparing to enter the field. The following information was taken from the IEEE and ACM web sites. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. - www.ieee.org The IEEE, a non-profit organization, is the world's leading professional association for the advancement of technology. The full name of the IEEE is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., although the organization is referred to by the letters I-E-E-E and pronounced Eye-triple-E. IEEE members are engineers, scientists and allied professionals whose technical interests are rooted in electrical and computer sciences, engineering and related disciplines. Through its global membership, the IEEE is a leading authority on areas ranging from aerospace systems, computers and telecommunications to biomedical engineering, electric power and consumer electronics among others. Members rely on the IEEE as a source of technical and professional information, resources and services. To foster an interest in the engineering profession, the IEEE also serves student members in colleges and universities around the world. Other important constituencies include prospective members and organizations that purchase IEEE products and participate in conferences or other IEEE programs. As of 31 December 2006, the IEEE has: » more than 370,000 members, including more than 80,000 students, in over 160 countries. » 319 sections in ten geographic regions worldwide. » 1676 chapters that unite local members with similar technical interests. » more than 1,526 student branches at colleges and universities in 80 countries. » 39 societies and 5 technical councils representing the wide range of technical interests. » 132 transactions, journals and magazines. » more than 450 IEEE sponsored or cosponsored conferences worldwide each year. » over 800 active IEEE standards and more than 400 in development. With nearly 100,000 members, the IEEE Computer Society is the world's leading organization of computer professionals. Founded in 1946, it is the largest of the 39 societies of the IEEE. The IEEE Computer Society's vision is to be the leading provider of technical information, community services, and personalized services to the world's computing professionals. The Society is dedicated to advancing the theory, practice, and application of computer and information processing technology. Through its conferences, applications-related and research-oriented journals, local and student chapters, distance learning campus, technical committees, and standards working groups, the Society promotes an active exchange of information, ideas, and technological innovation among its members. In addition, the Society maintains close ties with the US Computing Sciences Accreditation Board and Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, monitoring and evaluating curriculum accreditation guidelines. With about 40 percent of our members living and working outside the United States, the Computer Society fosters international communication, cooperation, and information exchange. To meet the needs of our members conveniently and efficiently, the Society maintains a service center office in Tokyo, Japan; a publications office in Los Alamitos, California; and its headquarters in Washington, DC. Association for Computing Machinery - www.acm.org ACM is the world's oldest and largest educational and scientific computing society. Since 1947 ACM has provided a vital forum for the exchange of information, ideas, and discoveries. Today, ACM serves a membership of computing professionals and students in more than 100 countries in all areas of industry, academia, and government. ACM, the Association for Computing Machinery, is an international scientific and educational organization dedicated to advancing the arts, sciences, and applications of information technology. With a world-wide membership ACM is a leading resource for computing professionals and students working in the various fields of Information Technology, and for interpreting the impact of information technology on society. Ask an Expert Q: I am Diploma Holder in Instrumentation Technology and Controls, presently working as a Design Consultant for Tebodin Middle Ease, Abu Dhabi. Now I want to do my graduate work in Engineering, either in control Engineering, Computers or Electornic, but I unable to go classes at on campus. Are there any universities providing online courses in engineering? Please suggest the best options for me to continue my education. Ask an Expert Q: I am a senior in high school and I am seriously thinking about majoring in Biomedical Engineering. I wanted to know how much money biomedical engineers make. I also want to know if biomedical engineers do research for cancer because I would really like to be able to do research on diseases and ways to fight/cure them. Where could you get a job in biomedical engineering in Pennsylvania? Biomedical engineering is becoming an increasingly exciting field with many research and industrial opportunities. Biomedical engineers work on a variety of interesting devices and technologies including bio-fluid mechanics, soft tissue mechanics, functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) research, orthopedic research, digital image processing, neuromechanics and biologic nanotechnology. Advances in these areas have led to devices such as a continuous insulin pump for diabetics, artificial hearts, and non-invasive detection and treatment for diseases. A biomedical engineering education is a compilation of several types of major engineering fields, with medical and physiological applications as a focus. Electrical, mechanical, chemical, and materials engineers all participate in providing biomedical engineering solutions. In the past, if a student was interested in biomedical research, a degree in one of the above fields was obtained and research into biomedical applications was pursued at the master and doctorate levels. Because of the growing interest in the field, there are now undergraduate biomedical engineering programs being provided at many universities across the country. There are many opportunities for bioengineers to work on cutting-edge cancer research. Currently, most of the research and work being done is focused on developing new and better ways to detect and treat certain types of cancer. This work is significant and important due to the inaccuracy, risk and discomfort associated with existing cancer screening and treatment techniques. Examples of universities doing interesting research in biomedical engineering, specifically cancer related studies, can be found at the University of Texas, Dartmouth, and Case Weston Reserve University. Additional links you may find interesting are the Biomedical Engineering Society, The Whitaker Foundation, and the Biomedical Engineering Network A good resource for finding information on jobs in the Pennsylvania area can be found through this site at Drexel University located in Philadelphia, PA. This site is a comprehensive listing of links, databases, and books containing useful biomedical engineering related information. Ask an Expert Q: I have a baccalaureate degree in Mechanical Engineering from an Indian university. I have applied to four (4) universities in Australia for a Master of Engineering program in Mechanical Engineering. The universities are: 1. University of Wollongong; 2. University of Technology, Sydney; 3. Curtin University of Technology; and 4. The University of Sydney. How do I go about selecting one of these universities if they all accept me? Let us start with the good news. You will do well wherever you go because all four universities have, in general, good reputation, solid infrastructure, and well known researchers and faculty who can provide apt guidance to Mechanical Engineering graduate students. A key factor in deciding on graduate studies is the identity of your thesis advisor (we assume that you will choose a program that requires a M.Sc. thesis). You may want to review the names of the Mechanical Engineering faculty, look at the published work of those who work in your field(s) of interest, and even try to engage some of them in correspondence on their research projects. Our experience is that an engaged and caring advisor is the most important element of a successful graduate studies program. If you are able to develop a relationship with a researcher whose studies are of interest to you, and who cares about his/her graduate students and gives them time and attention, you are half way there. As you are review the faculty lists of the four programs, you may note that they differ in size and demographics. Programs with larger faculty, with more faculty with terminal degrees (Ph.D. or D.Sc.), and with more faculty whose degrees are from reputable universities, are, in general, better. The second factor we would explore is the availability of courses and laboratory facilities in your area of interest and in other important areas (such as engineering mathematics). Schools with a large number of diverse offerings of courses and with many laboratories and research centers tend to provide a more meaningful experience than places with slim pickings and few facilities. The third issue is reputation. University ranking lists are notorious for their deficiencies, but big differences in rankings (say between the second highest ranked university and the twentieth ranking university) are often meaningful. Some rankings of Australian universities are available on the website of the Australian Education Network and on the website of Huazong University of Science and Technology (see also the summery provided here). It goes without saying that the availability of scholarships and differences in tuition and other economic factors would also play a role in your decision. We assume that you can make these assessments on your own, based in part on your personal economical circumstances and constraints. Ask an Expert Q: My 17 year old son likes small schools, and is at the Early College at Guilford College (North Carolina, US)- as a high school junior he is taking all college courses including physics and calculus right now. He might want to be an engineer, but is thinking about staying at Guilford College and doing a physics degree, then maybe doing a master's in engineering. His main interest is aerospace engineering. What are the pros and cons of this strategy? He really likes small schools, and I can't find small engineering schools in the southeast. You describe a highly constrained problem... Guilford College has approximately 2600 students. If we define Southeast USA as Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina there are no schools under 2000 undergraduates that offer Aerospace Engineering in this region (we used "Find a University" on this site). In fact the only school that satisfies the size and major constraints is in Arizona. We do not recommend the path you describe, namely a degree in Physics first and a Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering second. While this is a possible path, it has several disadvantages. These include future ineligibility of your son to register as a Professional Engineer upon graduation from the M.Sc. program (due to lack of undergraduate degree in Engineering). There may be ways around it, but these are complex and may not be available when your son graduates. Also, our experience is that the transition of Physics majors to engineering graduate programs is often not smooth, with additional imposed requirements and time wasted on meeting them. We do not say this plan cannot work, but there may be better ways to satisfy your son's needs and constraints. If we allow for schools that have 2000-5000 students (which are still quite small) we can actually find several schools that satisfy the "small school constraint" and offer Aerospace Engineering. Florida Institue of Technology in Melbourne Florida enrolls 2300 undergraduates. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach enrolls 4400. Tuskegee University, a historically black college in Alabama, enrolls 2480. If we relax another constraint, and allow Mechanical Engineering (since many Aerospace Engineering practitioners come from this discipline) we get in addition: The FAMU-FSU College of Engineering in Tallahassee, Florida (undergraduate student body 2300); and The Citadel, which admittedly is very different in mission and atmosphere from Guilford (the Citadel is a military college in Charleston, SC with undergraduate enrollment of 2120). You may want to use our "Find a University" feature for additional searches. If you try "Aerospace Engineering" everywhere in the United States, several other interesting options are presented. There are quite a few small schools (2000-5000 undergraduate students) that offer the major, and many more if you expand the search to Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Ask an Expert Q: I am a student preparing to proceed into the electrical/electronic engineering field and I want to know what courses will I have to take to prepare me to be an engineer at Disney World. The number of engineers who work at Disney World and related Disney enterprises is relatively small. Therefore we suggest that you prepare yourself to work in the more general fields of multimedia and entertainment rather than concentrate just on one company. Engineering for entertainment is a growing field. Engineers contribute increasingly to the design of computer games; video and audio effects in concerts, presentations, movies, Internet and TV programs; theme and amusement parks; gambling and gaming; and virtual reality simulations. To prepare yourself to work in this industry I suggest that you consider educational programs that emphasize elements of multi-media and entertainment. There are several ways of doing this. You can select a traditional engineering program in a relevant area of engineering (e.g., electrical engineering or computer engineering) and select or emphasize courses that are relevant to entertainment tasks (e.g., signal processing and image processing classes, courses on embedded systems and advanced programming, classes on modeling of electromechanical systems and computer aided design). The advantage of this approach is that it provides you with a degree that can be used outside the entertainment field (and protects you if the entertainment field sees an over-supply of engineering labor at one point in the future). You may then select a Master of Science level program in entertainment technology for your graduate studies. An alternative approach is to select a program of study that focuses directly on entertainment and multimedia. Here are several programs of interest, at both the Bachelor and Master of Science level. The University of Nevada, Las Vegas has a new program on Entertainment Engineering and Design. The DigiPen Institute at Redmond Washington offers Bachelor and Master level degrees related to entertainment. The University of Colorado at Denver offers Music and Entertainment Industries Studies. The University of Miami offers studies in Music Engineering and Music Engineering Technology Southern Methodist University offers a Master-level certificate in digital game development. The University of Southern California has several Master of Science level programs in multimedia technologies. Information about entertainment technology related programs in Carnegie Mellon University is available on the webpage of the university’s Entertainment Technology Center. The Newport School of Computing and Engineering in the UK offers programs in Artificial Intelligence and Games Development, and in Digital Special Effects and Animatronics. You will note that we did not mention specific opportunities in mechanical and civil engineering (e.g., design of roller coasters). In our estimate most of this work is (and will continue to be) done by engineers who come from traditional programs. References Thomas K. Grose: The Science of Fun, ASEE Prism, Vol. 14, No. 5, January 2005. David Kushner: Let Us Entertain You, IEEE Spectrum, 2005. Ask an Expert Q: I am studying surveying and geoinformatics for my first degree, but want to major in aeronautical engineering for a Master degree. I dream, think and feel aeronautics all the time. Which US university should I apply to? Aeronautical Engineering concerns airplanes, helicopters, missiles and other air vehicles. Aeronautical engineers interact with some of the most exciting elements of technology in a multi-disciplinary environment, designing vehicles to operate in extreme environments and under exacting conditions. They then manufacture, operate and maintain these vehicles. Though you have not done your undergraduate studies in aerospace engineering or related area, many programs in aerospace engineering accept students from other fields. For example, the Aeronautics and Astronautics program at Purdue University specifically offers degrees to students whose undergraduate degree is in an engineering field different from Aeronautics and Astronautics, as well as to graduate students whose undergraduate degree is in the physical sciences or mathematics rather than in engineering. Please note, however, that a program may require that you take additional classes to remedy deficiencies in your background before admitting you to the regular Master of Science track. All admission committees would like to see a strong background in mathematics and physics, and most prefer candidates with familiarity with an engineering discipline. A typical list of admission requirements for a Master of Science program is provided by the Aerospace Engineering Science department at the University of Colorado at Denver. Applicants must... 1. Have undergraduate courses in calculus, linear algebra, and differential equations. 2. Have two semesters of undergraduate calculus-based physics. 3. Have at least two semesters of upper-division undergraduate courses in engineering, physics, or chemistry. 4. Hold a baccalaureate degree from a college or university of recognized standing (or the equivalent). 5. Have an undergraduate grade point average of at least 3.00. 6. Provide official GRE scores from an examination taken within the last 5 years. 7. Provide four letters of recommendation. 8. Provide a statement of purpose. To identify schools with programs in Aerospace and Aeronautics in the United States you can try our Find a University feature. Among the schools with related programs are the following: Air Force Institute of Technology Auburn University The University of Colorado at Boulder Cornell University The University of Florida Georgia Institute of Technology The University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign The University of Maryland Massachusetts Institute of Technology The University of Michigan The University of Minnesota Mississippi State University North Carolina State University Notre Dame University The Ohio State University Pennsylvania State University Princeton University Purdue University The University of Southern California Texas A&M The University of Texas at Austin The University of Washington Ask an Expert Q: i am an electrical/alactronics student and i plan to go into communication under it and also plan to do information technology in my masters degree.pls can you give me alttle insight on this plan of mine? Ask an Expert Q: I recently asked the following question but gave the wrong degree. I have a BSEET (electronics engineering technology). I have a BSEET degree (Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology), and have been working as a mechanical designer/drafter for three years now. I want to use more of my degree, cross over into electrical design and go back to college to earn a MENG degree. Am I better off going this route or trying to get a BSEE degree? I will have a senior electrical engineering mentoring me throughout this process. Your Answer: Answer: We could not reach total agreement about your question among practitioners and educators to whom we posed this question. Most of them thought that if you can be accepted into a reputable Master of Engineering or Master of Science program in Electrical Engineering it would probably be a better route toward upward mobility in the workplace. Those who favored this route indicated that it would open the door for you to be interviewed for positions for which you would not be eligible with a BSEET degree. Assuming you have earned the BSEET from a reputable program and with a high enough GPA, there may be quite a few graduate programs that will admit you for a course of study leading to a Master of Science degree (perhaps with some requirements for remedial course work). Your MSEE studies would be more interesting than the alternative BSEE studies (since there is much overlap between standard BSEE and BSEET programs), and the length of your studies toward a degree would be shorter. The key here is to get the MSEE degree from a reputable university. If this is not possible in your case, a BSEE program (perhaps with some exemptions on account of your past BSEET work) is the remaining alternative. Ask an Expert Q: I am writing from Bangalore,India. I am currently doing my first year of electrical and electronics engineering. I'd like to know if i could do masters in aeronautical engineering in the future. Is it better for a mechanical engineer to pursue a career in aeronautics? The field of Aeronautics engineering involves design, manufacture and maintenance of products such as aircraft, missiles and space satellites. The Aeronautical engineering bachelors and masters degree programs include study of multidisciplinary topics such as Aerodynamics, Heat Transfer, Materials, Technology, Fluid Mechanics and Aircraft Structures, Control Systems, Sensors and Actuators. There are many colleges and universities that offer such degree programs. The School of Aeronautics & Astronautics at Purdue University offers a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering. The program structure and course details can be found at and Being a student of Electrical and Electronics engineering, you can definitely pursue a masters degree in aeronautical engineering, since most Aeronautical engineering departments accept students with electrical engineering background. A strong fundamental knowledge of topics like engineering mathematics, control theory, digital communication, and electronic circuits is important for doing well at masters level. A standard bachelors degree program in Mechanical engineering includes many courses like kinematics, dynamics, thermodynamics, mechanical design amongst others that overlap with courses offered in an equivalent Aeronautics engineering program. While this might be beneficial for a mechanical engineer pursuing masters in aeronautics, students from other technical backgrounds can easily gain knowledge of these topics by taking some extra fundamental courses during their masters studies. Ask an Expert Q: Are there any professional examinations available in the electronics and telecommunications engineering field? Where do I get the listings of these examinations, and how do I apply for them? Who is eligible to write such examinations? We assume that by "professional examinations" you refer to examinations that lead to a license to practice engineering. Such examinations are administered by various governmental bodies (sometimes a ministry in the central or federal government, sometimes an agency of a State or a Province). They are often offered at more than one level (e.g., entry level, advanced level) and provide the successful test taker with a credential such as a "Professional Engineer." In many jurisdictions this credential has legal ramifications. Practitioners that hold the title are allowed to perform some functions (such as sign and seal certain kinds of engineering plans) that other practitioners are not allowed to undertake. In almost all jurisdictions the exams are administered only to individuals who have graduated, or are about to graduate, from a relavant academic program which is accredited. The title "engineer" is legally protected in some jurisdictions (such as many US States); individuals who have not passed the requisite exams and received a State License are not allowed to hold the "engineer" title, nor offer engineering services to the public. In other regions, such as the United Kingdom, "engineer" is unregulated, but more specific titles (e.g., "Chartered Engineer" and "Incorporated Engineer") are legally protected. Examinations that lead to titles such as "Professional Engineer" or to intermediate titles are often composed by panels of experts from Academia and Industry convened for that purpose by advisory bodies to the government or by professional associations that lend assistance to the government. A. United States The process followed by most jurisdictions in the United States is described at the website of the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) thus: Each state and territory varies slightly, but in general, there is a four-step process required to obtain engineering licensure (see below). Step 1: Graduation The first step is graduating from an ABET-accredited engineering program at a college or university. ABET stands for Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, the nationally recognized accrediting organization for engineering and technology curricula. Step 2: FE Exam The first exam in the licensure process is the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE). This exam is offered in April and October every year. Most students take the exam right before graduation or soon after while the technical information they've studied is still fresh in their minds. Once you pass the exam, you are classified as an intern, also known as Engineering Intern (EI) or Engineer-in-Training (EIT). Step 3: Work Experience After passing the FE exam, you will continue your journey toward professional licensure by gaining engineering experience. Many jurisdictions have specific requirements about the type of experience you need to gain. Most require that you gain experience under the supervision of someone who is already licensed, and that your experience involve increasing levels of responsibility. Once you begin work, contact your licensing board to find out what experience is needed and talk with professional engineers in your company to find out how you can gain this experience. Step 4: PE Exam Once you have gained the appropriate experience required, you can take the second exam in the licensure process, the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE). This exam is given in a variety of engineering disciplines. Most disciplines are offered in both April and October, but some are offered only in October. After completing all the steps in the engineering licensure process—education, experience, and examinations—you are eligible for licensure by your licensing board. Once you are granted licensure, you may use the distinguished designation "professional engineer," or P.E. B. Canada The process of licensure in Canada is described by the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers (CCPE) thus: Normally, to be licensed as a professional engineer by a provincial or territorial engineering association, candidates must: (1) Be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident (Citizenship or permanent resident status is required to apply for licensure. It is not possible to be licensed before immigrating to Canada.) (2) Possess an undergraduate (Bachelor's level) degree in engineering from a recognized Canadian university program, or possess an otherwise recognized engineering degree and complete an assigned exam program. Recognition of degree equivalency by a Canadian university or other organization is unrelated to recognition of your degree by the CCPE and its constituent associations. (3) Complete three or four years of engineering work, depending on the association. Experience obtained outside Canada may be acceptable if sufficient documentation is provided. A minimum of 12 months experience must be in a Canadian environment to ensure that you are familiar with Canadian codes and standards. (4) Write and pass a professional practice examination on professional practice, ethics, engineering law and liability. (5) Be of good character and reputation. (6) Be proficient in English (French in Quebec, English or French in New Brunswick). C. The United Kingdom The process of registration in Britain is described by Engineering Council UK. Incorporated Engineer is a first-cycle qualification for Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of Science degree holders. Chartered Engineer is a second-cycle qualification usually reserved for holders of integrated Master of Engineering degrees or Bachelor of Engineering/Bachelor of Science plus Master of Science degrees. Both IEng and CEng require substantial professional experience, a professional review and interview. There are no written exams ECUK emphasizes the professional and prestige benefit of registration rather than any legal advantages, except that most registered engineers are eligible to be included in the International Professional Engineer Registry that may assist them with mobility and getting recognition outside the UK. D. Other countries Registration in Australia is governed by the National Engineering Registration Board For information on professional licensing in France, please see the website of SNIPF. The website of the The Institute of Professional Engineers, Japan provides information on professional licensing in this country. For New Zealand see the website of IPENZ. Professional licensure in Pakistan is governed by the Pakistan Engineering Council . If you are interested in professional registration in South Africa, look for the Registration tab on the website of the Engineering Council of South Africa. Ask an Expert Q: I am a community college student and I am trying to decide if I should transfer to a university that has both Engineering and Engineering Technology programs. However, I can't find the difference between Engineering and Engineering Technology. Could someone please explain the difference? The difference between Engineering and Engineering Technology The main issue that separates Engineering from Engineering Technology is the focus of Engineering Technology on implementation. While Engineering is considered to include components such as design, analysis, optimization, forecasting and validation, the focus of Engineering Technology is almost solely on implementation. The US National Society of Professional Engineers describes the difference between Engineering and Engineering Technology thus: "Engineering programs are geared toward development of conceptual skills, and consist of a sequence of engineering fundamentals and design courses, built on a foundation of complex mathematics and science courses. Engineering Technology programs are oriented toward application, and provide their students introductory mathematics and science courses, and only a qualitative introduction to engineering fundamentals. Thus, engineering programs provide their graduates a breadth and depth of knowledge that allows them to function as designers. Engineering technology programs prepare their graduates to apply others' designs." Engineering Technology Programs versus Engineering Programs Due to the emphasis on implementation, the Engineering Technology curriculum will differ from an Engineering curriculum in that the course selections will contain less theoretical and analytical courses. According to ABET's FAQ page: "Engineering undergraduate programs include more mathematics work and higher level mathematics than technology programs. Engineering undergraduate programs often focus on theory, while technology programs usually focus on application. Once they enter the workforce, engineering graduates typically spend their time planning, while engineering technology graduates spend their time making plans work. At ABET, engineering and engineering technology programs are evaluated and accredited by two separate accreditation commissions using two separate sets of accreditation criteria. Graduates from engineering programs are called engineers, while graduates of technology programs are often called technologists. Some U.S. state boards of professional engineering licensure will allow only graduates of engineering programs, not engineering technology programs, to become licensed engineers." International Recognition of Engineering Technology: The Sydney Accord The Sydney Accord is an agreement between institutions that are responsible for accrediting Engineering Technology programs in different countries. Essentially this agreement states that graduates of accredited programs in any of the signatory countries should be recognized by the other countries as having met the academic requirements for entry into the practice of Engineering Technologist. The signatory countries of this accord as of February 2007 are Australia, Canada, Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. The United States has not signed the Sydney Accord, primarily because the engineering technology profession is not well defined as a separate profession (distinct from professional engineering) in the United States. For a complete explanation, see the National Society of Professional Engineers' position on Engineering Technology. Note that although the United States is not a signatory to the Sydney accord, the principal accrediting body for Engineering and Technology in the United States, (ABET), provides accreditation to Engineering Technology programs. We provide five (5) examples of universities in the U.S. that offer an accredited degree in Engineering Technology. To find them, we used the TryEngineering University Finder and selected Engineering Technology from the list of accredited fields. The universities are: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, LeTourneau University, McNeese State University, Temple University, and the University of Central Florida. More Information [1] Northeastern University School of Engineering Technology website: What is Engineering Technology, accessed February 1, 2007. [2] NSPE (2006) NSPE Issue Brief: Engineering Technology, Publication #4049 [3] University of North Carolina website: Engineering versus Engineering Technology , accessed February 1, 2007. [4] Wikipedia.org: Engineering Technology, accessed February 1, 2007. Caution: Wikipedia entries can be changed arbitrarily by any user at any time. Ask an Expert Q: Is a Masters Degree in Aeronautical Science (Embry Riddle) worth pursuing? I'm interested in aerospace technology engineering. Ask an Expert Q: I need information about wireless transmission of power. The advantages of wireless transmission of power are obvious — who would not see the benefits of freedom from wires and transmission lines? Realization of this idea will have enormous practical and economical implications. Some forms of wireless transmission of power are already in use. As described recently [4] in an article in MIT Tech Talk, "scientists and engineers have known for nearly two centuries that transferring electric power does not require wires to be in physical contact. Electric motors and power transformers contain coils that transmit energy to each other by the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. A current running in an emitting coil induces another current in a receiving coil; the two coils are in close proximity, but they do not touch. "Later, scientists discovered electromagnetic radiation in the form of radio waves, and they showed that another form of it — light — is how we get energy from the sun. But transferring energy from one point to another through ordinary electromagnetic radiation is typically very inefficient: the waves tend to spread in all directions, so most of the energy is lost to the environment." Not surprisingly, the quest for wireless transmission of power is not new either. The following offer was contained in section 3 of The Rules and Regulations Governing the Aeronautic Competition of the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904: "One-prize of $3,000 is offered for a successful attempt to drive an air-ship motor by energy transmitted through space, either in the form of electric radiation or in some other form of electric energy, to an actual amount of 1/10 (0.1) H.P. at the point of reception at a distance of least 100ft. The test must be made on the exposition grounds by experts satisfactory to the jury." Attempts to achieve efficient wireless transmission of power go back to the late 19th century, most notably to work by Nikloa Telsa, to whom a letter [1] is attributed at the 5 March 1904 issue of Electric World and Engineer describing efforts to achieve and commercialize wireless power transmission (a June 1900 Tesla article in Century Illustrated Magazine provides another discussion of these experiments [2]). A short summary of the various attempts to achieve wireless transmission of power is available in a recent popular article by Reno Rossetti [3]. He describes the efforts by Tesla as well as later work by William C. Brown (the rectifying antenna, or rectenna), Peter Glaser, project SHARP (Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform)), NASA, and Japanese research agencies. Most recently, a new method involving non-radiative energy transfer was proposed by Marin Soljacic, Aristeidis Karalis, and John Joannopoulos of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Their theoretical calculations and simulations show, among other results, that their method may be able to power a laptop-size device wirelessly from a power source at a distance of a few meters away. REFERENCES [1] Nikola Tesla: "The Transmission of Electrical Energy without Wires," Electrical World and Engineer, March 5, 1904. [2] Nikola Tesla, "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy," Century Illustrated Magazine, June 1900. [3] Reno Rossetti: Cutting the Last Wire, Planet Analog, on line: http://www.planetanalog.com/columns/guest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=171201034 September 27, 2005; accessed November 2006. [4] Davide Castelvecchi: "Wireless energy could power consumer, industrial electronics," MIT news office bulletin, on line: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/wireless.html, 14 November 2006; accessed November 2006. Ask an Expert Q: I am currently studying for my Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Technology. However, I was just wondering what exactly are the main differences between this and Electrical Engineering Technology? They look very similiar in my academic bulletin. Also, what types of careers are available for those who have earned their B.S. CET? Ask an Expert Q: BACKGROUND: We live in Sierra Vista, AZ, about 70 miles SE of Tucson. My 17 year old son is a high school senior and wants to become an engineer, but is still undecided which engineering sub-category he wants to specialize in. He is interested in robotics and maybe nanotechnology. He has taken Advanced Placement classes in English, Mathematics and Physics. He already has earned some college credit by signing up for Dual-Credit classes. We are split over 2 options: 1) having him attend for the first 2 years a community college which has a 2-year Pre-Engineering Program, and then have him attend a traditional university for the last 2 years of college; or 2) having him start as a freshman in a traditional 4-year institution. QUESTIONS: What, if any, are the pros and cons of both options? Is there an industry bias out there when it comes to hiring an applicant who either completed a 4 year program right away or first did a 2 year program and then finished up a 4 year program? Our experience (supported by published research) is that students who transferred into a 4-year institution did not suffer from future employer prejudice on account of their taking the first two years in a community college. The search for engineering talent is rather aggressive nowadays; matters of appearance (such as this), that may have been a consideration 20 or 30 years ago, ceased to be a meaningful factor. There is enough research that shows no gap between students who started as freshmen in a 4-year institution and transfer students when it comes to graduation rates, GPAs, and wages (examples: a study from the University of Florida; a study from Wisconsin; see also a paper by Hilmer quoted below as [1] and a report by Hess [2].) The factors that need to be checked are the quality and reputation of the Pre-Engineering Program at the 2-year community college where you consider enrolling. The main disadvantage of the community college route is that sometimes the quality of the classes offered there does not match the expectations at the 4-year institution. If this is the case, the transfer student would have to take additional classes (or face failure in his/her junior-level classes). Since you have identified both the community college and the 4-year university you are interested in, you ought to find out from both institutions (most importantly, the university) what is the track record of the specific community college in providing transfer students to the university. We suggest that you meet in person with an academic advisor (perhaps the undergraduate assistant department head of the electrical engineering or mechanical engineering department) at the target university, and hear from him/her directly (1) what courses must your son pass and with what GPA in order to be accepted as a transfer student to the university from the specific community college you are considering; and (2) what is the university's experience with past transfer students from that community college. You may also want to find out if there is a formal articulation agreement between the institutions. Such an agreement (see example) states the conditions under which graduates of the 2-year institution can transfer to the university with a Junior status. In the context of your question, the primary advantages of starting the academic path at a community college are economic, and sometimes location of the community college is also an advantage. Community college classes are often smaller than introductory classes in 4-year institutions, and their teachers are often dedicated solely to teaching (in many 4-year institutions professors have many other obligations, and sometimes they send their assistants to the class). The primary disadvantages are that many community colleges lack the college atmosphere that is part of the academic experience (e.g., they do not have student branches of professional associations), and they sometimes have fewer laboratory and library resources. More importantly, some community colleges do not do a very good job in preparation to college (hence our suggestions above that you check carefully the reputation and track record of the community college). Overall we believe that the community-college path to an engineering degree, which splits the four year period between two institutions, is viable and practical. With appropriate preparations (and with prior consideration of compatibility of courses between the institutions) the advantages that community colleges offer are undeniable. REFERENCES [1] Hilmer, Michael J., "Human Capital Attainment, University Quality, and Entry-Level Wages for College Transfer Students" Southern Economic Journal: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 457–469, 2002. From the abstract: "This paper examines the returns to institutional quality for college transfer students. The quality of university from which a transfer student graduates has a positive effect on his or her future earnings. However, the quality of university initially attended has an insignificant negative effect. Such evidence suggests that a student's entry-level earnings depend only on graduation quality and not on the quality of education received throughout college." [2] Ryan Hess: "Earnings of 2-year Transfers Beat Traditional College Grads" Employment and Training Reporter, on-line: http://www.workforceflorida.com/wages/wfi/news/reports/Wkflarep.pdf, July 28, 2003 (accessed November 2006). Ask an Expert Q: I am a second year student of B.Eng(Information Technology) in India. I want to do my post graduate study (M.S.) at MIT in the U.S. but I have no idea where to start ? MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) is one of the world's leading technical institute. Admissions to MIT are highly competitive and a lot is expected out of the students who are admitted at MIT. Since MIT has a substantial focus on research in fundamental science and engineering applications, a student's application for graduate studies (M.S.) is evaluated on the basis of research projects, research papers and academic performance at the undergraduate level. The following link should be referred to for further information: Each department may have its own additional requirements in terms of GRE and TOEFL scores. Please refer to the following link for more information Ask an Expert Q: I am a freshman in high school and I enjoy building, designing, and using technology to solve problems to make or design new things. But I'm not sure what type of engineering would be good for me.I was thinking mechanical but I'm not sure. Ask an Expert Q: I am a student attending high school and I have to do a report that involves interviewing an automotive engineer. I have several questions to ask you and I hope you will be willing to answer them. 1) About how many years of college would it take to become an automotive engineer? 4-5 years 2) About how much money does an automotive engineer make per year? $50,000 - $100,000 3) What would be the best college to attend if you wanted to become an automotive engineer? A technical school with an internship/co-op program. Best recommendation is to look for schools that have an ABET Accredited program with engineering association affiliations. 4) Does your job deal with data, people, things, or all three? All three 5) What is the average number of hours an automotive engineers works per week? 50hours 6) Do you have to travel a lot when becoming an engineer? Yes, sometimes up to 50% travel. It depends on the project. 7) What is a daily routine of an automotive engineer? Solving problems at suppliers, on the line, or in the market 8) What are some advantages and disadvantages of being an automotive engineer? Cutting edge technology (advantage), disadvantage not very flexible on your schedule 9) Does being an automotive engineer interfere with your family life? It can, the amount of time spent at the office or traveling can present challenges to family life. Many jobs today require more than 40 hours per week and travel. This can make it difficult to attend regularly planned family activities. 10) On average, how much time do you spend a day on a computer? 2-4 hours 11) Do you have to work overtime on some days? Almost every day 12) What are some of the benefits of being an automotive engineer? It is always changing. It changes from time to time what I am working on and is never dull. 13) How much vacation time does an automotive engineer get? 3 weeks Jason Rounds, Exterior Performance Engineer Ask an Expert Q: I am an executive recruiter who specializes in placing outside sales representatives. One of my clients has asked me to help them in locating candidates who are recent mechanical or electrical engineering graduates for several field service engineering positions they have across the country. My question stems from a possible candidate that I spoke with who has a degree in physics engineering. He explained that in obtaining his degree that he took some of the same classes that a mechanical engineering student would take, i.e. Solid Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, and would be a fit for these positions. While researching the two degrees I came across this website and am hoping that someone would be able to give me some insight on the differences between the three degrees and provide me with information to help me decide if his education is in line for what my client's needs are. According to Wikipedia, Physics Engineering is an undergraduate and graduate degree program which refers to Engineering Physics or Applied Physics. The term Physics Engineering seems to be used primarily in Turkey; Hacettepe University, for example, has a Physics Engineering department. Our search has found Engineering Science to also be a related field. A search on the TryEngineering University Finder returns 30 institutions in the USA that have either an Engineering Physics department or an Engineering Science department. For example, Cornell University has an Engineering Physics department , Southeast Missouri State University has a Department of Physics and Engineering Physics , and Colorado State University has an Engineering Physics concentration in its Engineering Science department. The distinguishing feature of Engineering Physics is its focus on the fundamentals of physics and mathematics. However, the students will select technical electives from Electrial Engineering, Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science, Mathematics, or Physics in order to concentrate on a particular field of study. While some students may focus their studies on a particular technology, others may opt for a broad formal background. Reviewing several Engineering Physics curricula, it seems that if a student chose technical electives from Mechanical Engineering, then his/her educational background would be very similar to a student with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. In order to see if your candidate has a suitable background for your clients needs, you should view his transcripts to see what technical electives he has taken. Ask an Expert Q: Nano Technology--there are nano products for fuel saving and electrical energy saving. Are these products effective? Ask an Expert Q: I graduated in Aircraft Systems Technology from a defense university in Ethiopia with an advanced diploma, and I would like to get my Master degree in a related field. How should I proceed? From the information we were able to gather, you will need to look to universities outside Ethiopia for programs leading to a Master of Science degree in Aircraft Technology or related field. We assume you will be looking for programs in Aerospace Engineering or Aerospace Engineering Technology. You can identify some potential universities through our university search. However, we think that your first step should be to obtain an evaluation of your Ethiopian diploma by a reputable agency. This evaluation will determine the equivalence of your degree to a degree common in countries that offer programs of the kind you are seeking, for example, the US, Canada, the UK, Germany, France, and Japan. Once your degree was evaluated and declared equivalent to a recognized degree in the country where you wish to study, it will be much easier for you to apply. The equivalency determination done by the organization that analyzed your transcript is not binding on any academic institution. However, in most cases it will be accepted, and it establishes a good basis for preparing an application. The City College of San Francisco provides a list of organizations in the United States that provide foreign transcript evaluations for a fee. Other US lists can be found here, here, and here. Another resource for US transcript evaluation is the list of members of NACES, the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services. For service related to UK institutions you may want to check the recognition and evaluation services of UK NARIC. For information on other European countries consult the website of ENIC-NARIC. Please note that we at TryEngineering.org did not evaluate the various agencies mentioned or referred to in the previous paragraph, and they are listed here for reference only with no recommendations or guarantees. Ask an Expert Q: I´m a telecommunications engineer and I have taken some classes about embedded systems. I`m searching for locations where can I work in this area. Automotion, Avionics, and robotics are areas of my interest. So, here it goes my question: Which country of the world is more advanced in this area? Which are the best universities, research centres, where I can do a masters and project work? I know that "embedded system" is a very ambiguous term, but I would like to know which place is the most advanced technology or research effort in this area. In other words, if I find an university, I don´t know how to judge the quality of the masters program. Which ones would you recommend? It is possible to study embedded systems in general, but being useful for all of the areas mentioned above? Ask an Expert Q: I am really interested teaching electrical engineering. How do I go about this? I am currently in my 2nd year of EE. Do I need to take some education courses to become an instructor? Teaching can be very rewarding. I worked in industry for many years and am now teaching part time at the university level. In most, if not all cases, you will need a PhD in your major to teach engineering level courses. A Masters degree in your major is a minimum for teaching technology classes. I don't believe you will need teaching courses per se but if you can fit them in it would be helpful. A few years of industrial experience on your part would help bring a different perspective into your classroom. Another option is to work in industry as a consultant during your summer break while you are teaching. Your best resource for specific requirements and suggestions is your current school. Karl Huehne, Electrical Engineer Ask an Expert Q: I graduated from high school in 1999. I took classes in Aviation Maintenance, and loved them. I have done a lot of research in engineering, and have become very interested in pursuing a degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, or Biomedical Engineering. I have never taken any advance classes (as far as in high school), but I did attend some college classes at ITT Tech. I did great in all the classes accept Physics. I have nine classes to go before I graduate with an Associate Degree in Computer Electronic Engineering Technology. However, after all the time spent attending ITT, I found out that not many companies will hire individuals from ITT no matter what their GPA (grade point average) is/was. I have a 3.52/4.0, but like I said problems in Physics. I have researched several colleges in my area for engineering, and I am having a hard time deciding. So I was wondering if you could answer some questions for me. 1.How hard are the classes at a traditional University for engineering? 2.How big of a part is physics after you get your degree, in most jobs in the engineering profession? 3.What would you suggest as far as reentering college after not being in school for several years? As far as what to expect, are there many students/teachers willing to help you understand any thing that you are having trouble understanding (such as physics). 4.Do you know of any companies that would be able to give me some more insight on minimum qualifications in order to obtain a job with their company in the engineering field? College classes are hard, no two ways about it. They are not impossible, though, and success depends on your commitment as a student. Based on the detail of your opening paragraph and questions, it seems like commitment to your education is not going to be a big problem. Remember, potential employers will be more attracted to you as an employee if you have demonstrated a willingness to tackle the harder classes in college. Most courses of study in Engineering are going to include a strong foundation in mathematics and science. A background in these subject areas is necessary to train your mind in problem solving, which is our primary mission as Engineers. As far as going back to school, the biggest challenge should be re-arranging your life to allow the time to accomplish your studies. While the instructors will be supportive and will admire your commitments, they must not lower their expectations for you. (And, you would not want them to do this) So, keep a positive mental attitude and open yourself to learning, and the rest will happen. Yes, you are going to have to work harder to strengthen your problem areas, but the responsibility is yours. Again, your instructors will be supportive, but you can attend study groups and tutoring. Take advantage of all opportunities presented. As to the job market, you will just need to keep searching until you find a good fit. There should be placement resources available to you through ITT. They should be able to point you to companies who have hired their graduates in the past. Ask an Expert Q: I am a second year student in electrical engineering. I have been assigned to write on "the scope of electrical engineering in the 21st century". Would you please provide me with some guidance? We think you have been given a very difficult task. Just imagine a student who was given an assignment like yours (to predict the future of electrical engineering) 100 years ago, in December 1906. As talented as this student might have been, there was no way the resulting effort would have been of much predictive value. Could one predict in 1906 the RADAR, transistor, development of electronics, television, laser, digital computer, compact disc and DVD? Talking about "the 21st century," is, in our opinion, overly pretentious. If you could limit your essay to a shorter horizon (say, 15 years) there may be some rational predictions you can quote. An interesting list of research topics for the next two decades is covered in this high level meeting of OECD (especially sections 19-24). The future of broadcasting is discussed in this article. The future of the Internet is discussed here. An interesting article about the future of electronics reminds us of how much electronics have changed in the last decade. The future of nanotechnology is the subject of two articles by Richard Jones, here and here. Among other matters, Jones reviews the debates on "radical nanotechnology." Technical challenges in the area of transistor technology are described in this article by a group of engineers from Intel. They discuss fundamental limitations on miniaturization of transistor circuits. On challenges in software engineering, please see this presentation by Ian Sommerville. Here is a short summary of energy challenges. See also this document of the US Department of Energy. An issue of great concern is cyber crime and terrorism. So is biodefense. Information retrieval is emerging as a grand challenge. For a collection of articles on the engineering workforce in the US and other developed countries (with direct ramifications to electrical engineering, computer engineering and computer science professionals) see the references of this advocacy article. The references include recent publications of the US National Academy of Engineering. We hope you have enough here for a good start! Ask an Expert Q: i wanna do masters degree in automotive technology...so i want to know where to search for universities outside india, offering masters degree in automotive related courses.. im right now doing B.tech in automobile Ask an Expert Q: I am currently in my final year of Mechanical Engg at Vellore Institute of Technology,Vellore,Tamil Nadu,India.Could you please provide me with some websites that give a list of final year projects in Automobile Engineering or CAD/CAM? Ask an Expert Q: I am currently working in the semiconductor industry as a Service Engineer. My formal education consists of military training and a few college credits, but nothing to write home about. I am seriously considering getting my BS degree in electromechanical or electronics engineering technology. Due to my job demands, I am looking at distance learning oppurtunities at ABET accredited schools. I'm down to 2 finalists: Rochester Institute of Technology and North Carolina A & T. Which school would be considered the better choice by engineers in industry? Also, how difficult would it be to transition from BSEET to a BSEE degree, if in the future I desire to move into a full engineering status? Ask an Expert Q: I want to develop an earthquake resistant building (model), for this I want to know the latest technology in civil engineering. Can you provide me with the required information. Ask an Expert Q: At the moment, I have an Associates of Applied Science in Electronics Technology. I would like to get a 4 year degree in Electrical Engineering, but I am also thinking about a 4 year degree in Electronics Engineering Technology. Is there a big difference between the two and is the pay much different? Will a company hire me if I did this online? There are a few key differences between a degree in Electronics Engineering Technology and a degree in Electrical Engineering. A degree in Electronics Engineering Technology (EET) prepares a student for practical work as an engineering technician. Fundamental mathematics courses, basic circuit theory, automatic control systems, digital logic design, network analysis, linear electronics, microprocessors, and circuit board design courses are included in most EET programs. The description of one university's EET program is given here. A degree in Electrical Engineering is more general and academic in nature with an emphasis on mathematics, theory, and design. There are many sub-disciplines in electrical engineering including power, electronics and microelectronics, controls, telecommunications, signal processing, and computer engineering. Although electrical engineering students are taught practical applications, the focus is more on design, research, and development. With a degree in electrical engineering, a student is more equipped to perform a broad range of engineering duties that involve a deeper theoretical and scientific understanding as opposed to being trained to perform a number of specific tasks. In addition, a degree in EET will not provide you with an opportunity to become a licensed engineer. A description of engineering and engineering technology can be found on the U.S. Department of Labor site. On this site, under Education and Training, it notes that an engineering technology degree focuses on current issues in the "application of engineering principles and prepares students for practical design and production work, rather than for jobs that require more theoretical and scientific knowledge. Graduates of 4-year technology programs may get jobs similar to those obtained by graduates with a bachelor’s degree in engineering. Engineering technology graduates, however, are not qualified to register as professional engineers under the same terms as graduates with degrees in engineering. Some employers regard technology program graduates as having skills between those of a technician and an engineer." The median annual earnings in May 2006 of electrical/electronic engineering technicians were $50,660. For electrical engineers and electronics engineers, the median annual earnings were $75,930 and $81,050, respectively. More information can be found at the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (here for electrical technicians and here for electrical engineers). In response to pursuing an online degree, it is not recommended. There are many fields that lend themselves to online learning; from my experience, an undergraduate degree in engineering is not one of them. The very nature of engineering education is based on hands-on experience, projects involving teamwork, laboratory instruction, and the ability to apply mathematics to real world problems. To my knowledge, there are no ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) accredited online programs that provide an undergraduate degree in engineering. I was able to find ABET accredited programs for electronic engineering technology for schools including several locations for DeVry University ( here is information on their accredited technology programs), and Excelsior College. My personal recommendation (I am an undergraduate senior studying Electrical Engineering) would be to pursue a degree in Electrical Engineering. Due to the fact that you have already completed an Associate degree in engineering technology, there are universities with engineering programs you may to transfer into. Although there is a lot that can be done with a four year technology degree, an electrical engineering degree is more prestigious, would give you a greater number of career options, allow your work to be more diverse, and would provide you with higher earning potential. Ask an Expert Q: I have a B.E. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from an Indian institute. At present I am working In New Delhi, India as a VLSI front-end design engineer. I wish to pursue MS degree in the USA in the area of Automated Intelligent control Systems, Telerobotics, and Avionics. Could you please suggest some universities in the USA which have a strong research in these areas? There is a large number of US universities with excellent graduate-level programs in the areas you asked about. We will mention here only a small sample - please understand that a comprehensive list will require that we describe more than 100 programs. The General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception (GRASP) Laboratory is an inter-disciplinary research center at the University of Pennsylvania. The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University is a large center for studies in robotics and intelligent control. Stanford University operates SAIL, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, as well as labs on Biomimetic robotics and Aerospace robotics. The Electrical and Computer Engineering as well as Mechanical Engineering programs at the University of Maryland include extensive intelligent control components. Princeton University has a program in robotics and intelligent systems. Several interesting projects were reported from the Ohio State University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Drexel University. Ask an Expert Q: I would be grateful if you could help me find activities that I could use to teach children about engineering. A useful resource for lesson plans and activities designed for students from age 8 to 18 can be found at TryEngineering’s Lesson Plans page. The site provides material that helps to teach students various engineering principles. Some examples of the activities described there are Cracking the Codes “The Cracking the Code activity explores the concept of how computerized barcoding has simplified distributing and pricing of products. Students learn about encoding and decoding, the barcoding system, and how a mathematical formula is embedded in barcoding to safeguard against errors. Students use websites to identify product barcodes, test codes from everyday product, and work as an "engineering team" to come up with the next generation of information embedding systems.” and Give Me a Brake “The Give Me a Brake activity explores the concept of how brakes can stop or slow mechanical motion. Students examine the operation of a bicycle brake and use low cost materials to devise a simple braking system, then work as a team to suggest improvements to current bicycle brake designs.” Included on this TryEngineering Lesson Plans page are full PDF versions of lesson plans and rich-text-file versions of student worksheets. Another valuable resource can be found at TeachEngineering. This website provides a digital library with teacher-tested, standards-based engineering content for K-12 teachers. The engineering lessons connect real-world experiences with curricular content already taught in K-12 classrooms. An engineering education portal has been established at Engineering Pathway. Engineering Pathway is a portal to high-quality teaching and learning resources in applied science and math, engineering, computer science/information technology and engineering technology, for use by K-12 and university educators and students. Ask an Expert Q: I heard that nanotechnology in electronics related to the space between drain and source in FET(field effect transistor). whether i heard is correct? if so whether we can use BJT in nano technology. Ask an Expert Q: I am in XIIth (PCM)and a resident of Uttar Pradesha.I want to do my undergraduation in nanotechnology or robotics/mechatronics. I have tried a lot to find colleges offering me above programmes and have got some results also like Amity,SRMuniv.,Manipal univ.(ICAS). But I think I need to have some more colleges as options. Can you tell me about colleges/institutes offering above programmes?? Plzz answer as soon as you can. Ask an Expert Q: can you tell me about some institutes/universities in India (except Amity,SRMuniv.,Manipal univ.(ICAS))where I can do my undergraduation in nanotechnology or robotics/mechatronics?? Ask an Expert Q: I am an engineering student in Biotechnology, presently studying in Karnataka, India. I am interested in research in the Biotechnological field. What are the possible best opportinities waiting for me throughout the world? Ask an Expert Q: What is the difference between Robotics and Mechatronics? Also, how does Mechanical and Automation Engineering differ from Mechanical Engineering? A. Mechatronics The word mechatronics was invented by the Japanese engineer Ko Kikuchi in 1969. It is a combination of the terms 'mechanical' ("mecha" for mechanisms, i.e., machines that 'move') and 'electronics'. The word reflects the basic nature of this field, to integrate electrical and mechanical systems in a single device. Mechatronics is said to be the junction where concepts from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science are merged to design, build and operate products. The leading scholarly publication on mechatronics is IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics. A1. Definitions of Mechatronics Here are several definitions of mechatronics: (1) The incorporation of electronics into mechanisms [1] (2) The integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and intelligent computer control [1] (3) The use of a synergistic integration of mechanics, electronics, and computer technology to produce enhanced products or systems [2] (4) The application of complex decision making to the operation of physical systems [1] (5) The addition of intelligence to a mechanical design or replacing mechanical designs with an intelligent electronic solution [3] (6) The synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering [4] [Note: some of these definitions use derivatives of Synergy, which is observed when "two or more discrete influences or agents acting together create an effect greater than that predicted by knowing only the separate effects of the individual agents. Often the prediction is the sum of the effects each influence is able to create independently."] A2. Mechatronics and Robotics A robot is a good example of a mechatronic system. Most robots integrate software, electronics, and mechanical designs in a synergistic manner (meaning that the separate parts act together in such a way that the combined effect is stronger than the sum of the separate effects of each one of the components). Other examples of mechatronics are the digital thermostat and the anti-lock brake system. Both were originally designed as mechanical systems and have been improved later by their integration with electronic controls and digital computing elements. Robotics is considered a subset of mechatronics, since almost all robots are mechatronic but not all mechatronic systems are robots. Many classes on mechatronics in university curricula include the design and construction of robots or robotic elements as examples (see for example here and here). Some mechatronics programs and mechatronics courses are essentially all about robotics. A3. Mechatronics in academia In spite of earlier projections that estimated large growth in the number of engineering departments labeled formally Mechatronics Engineering, the actual number of such programs continues to be small. Most of the academic activity in mechatronics occurs in departments of mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering. B. Mechanical and Automation Engineering Programs labeled Mechanical and Automation Engineering are more popular in Chinese speaking regions than elsewhere (see for example the departments at the Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and I-Shou University). Like Mechatronics Engineering, the combination Mechanical and Automation Engineering is an example of an inter-disciplinary field that integrates mechanical systems with electronics, control, and computer technologies. In Mechanical and Automation Engineering, there is, in addition to mechanical system design and analysis, a focus on process control, networking, and computer interface and software. Some examples of courses in Mechanical and Automation Engineering are mechanics and materials, thermalfluids, dynamics and control, electronics, robotics, design and manufacturing. Sources: [1] Robert Bishop: The Mechatronics Handbook. [2] Newton C. Braga: Robotics, Mechatronics, and Artificial Intelligence: Experimental Circuit Blocks for Designers. [3] Microchip.com website: Designing for Mechatronics, 2006, accessed January 25, 2007. [4] Wikipedia.org: Mechatronics, accessed January 25, 2007. Caution: Wikipedia entries can be changed arbitrarily by any user at any time. Ask an Expert Q: I'm OK at math (I struggle a little bit.) But I looked into a field of engineering(Computer and Electronics Engeering)and I like the field alot but with math being my least favorite subject, I was wondering if this field is for me. Seeing as it has to do alot with math and all. But I looked at what this site recommended for pre-collage courses, there's a lot of math but I'm great at Language Arts, Science, Communication, and I speak a second lauguage(Spanish. I don't know how good I am in Chemistry or Physics. I haven't really been tested in those fields. But my Grandpa (a Scientist) says that I would do fine in these fields if I ever tried them. So you do think that I should work to find something else or just to work really hard at the mathematical portion and find where I'm at in Chemistry and Physics? I’m afraid you’re going to discover that most Engineering disciplines, and especially Electrical and Computer Engineering, include a strong foundation in mathematics. Engineers use math every day to bring advanced concepts into practice. Mathematics trains your mind in problem solving, which is our primary mission as Engineers. I’m also afraid that your will find that Chemistry and Physics are going to include a strong foundation in mathematics, for the same reasons. Your interests in Language Arts and Communications might indicate a different career area. Maybe you become a Lawyer focusing in patent law or a business person working to get a new product into the market. These types of careers would give you the opportunity to work in a technology field, but not strictly working with the Engineering details. I’d like you to also consider giving mathematics another try. There are several dozen Engineering projects here at TryEngineering.org. Maybe you can pick out a couple (Rotational Equilibrium is a fun mathematics lesson) and get your Grandpa to work them with you. See if the practical side of mathematics might spark a new interest for you. Ask an Expert Q: i am a student of MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , MANIPAL , INDIA i am in my first year of electronics and communication engineering . i have a GPA of 9.15 , i want the list of colleges the offer masters degree in embedded systems , nanaotechnology , or VLSI in united states of america.can u also guide me as in which course i can persue for my masters degree in USA. Ask an Expert Q: what is the difference between Bachelor of Engg.(B.E) and Bachelor of Technology(B.Tech) ? Ask an Expert Q: About VDI Technology Ask an Expert Q: What is the difference between B.E computer science and B.Tech computer science information technology? Ask an Expert Q: I am a student of chemical engineering in one of India's leading technology university.However I want to pursue a master's(MS) in electronics/electrical engineering. Is it possible for me to do that? Ask an Expert Q: i am pursuing electrical and electronics engineering in NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,KARNATAKA,INDIA.i am in 1st year.i have 3 months vacation in summer.i want to do something useful in this field which will be useful in later semesters.could you please give some suggestions regarding this. Ask an Expert Q: In terms of nanotechnology, I know of no such major. If interested in this field, would I just be propelled into Materials? Ask an Expert Q: It is my contention that ice can be broken up with sound wave technology, already at our disposale ! Wrong or right ? Ask an Expert Q: I am pursuing baccalaureate degree in Information Technology Engineering from an Indian university.I am little more than Average Student.I want to pursue Masters degree in NanoTech. What is My Future in NanoTech if i go for it? Are there any IT applications of Nano ? Will My IT Knowledge be useful while going for Masters in NanoTech ? What are Best Options in US or Australia or India ? Which IT companies are Serious about NanoTech ? Ask an Expert Q: I am a 27 year old electrician looking for a career change. Out of high school I went to a 2 year vocational tech school and I have my state masters’ license. I have worked in the electrical field for 7 years with 2 years commercial construction, and 5 years industrial maintenance. I am currently looking to go back to school for my BSEE either full or part time because so many jobs that I applied for you require a BSEE. I have found a program that will let me get my degree in the evenings that will allow me to continue to work during the day. I am also trying to figure out what part of Electrical Engineering I want to be involved with. I like technology, things that make you think. I have been around instrumentation, and done some PLC programming. Designing something that make a piece of equipment more efficient is always interesting to me. I have heard Power Transmissions is making a strong come back. The university I am considering has a program with a local community college where I can get my AS degree and then transfer to the university for the BS. The Electrical Engineering director at the university told me once I complete the 2 year program at the community college that I would have a good idea which area of electrical engineering I should pursue. Your thoughts would be helpful. Thanks Ask an Expert Q: I am a 11th grade student in India. I want to know if there are any good colleges in India for nanotechnology? What do I need to take if I want to do nanotechnology? Do I need biology or math for my entrance exams? Ask an Expert Q: hi I Am just 10th passed and i stopped my studies befor 5 years and i want to know that is there any chance to do a Diploma engineering in information technology? please reply me soon. Ask an Expert Q: application of nanotechnology in chemistry in day today life Ask an Expert Q: I am an electronics and communications student and I am interested in learning more about communication systems of the future. IEEE is the world's leading professional association for the advancement of technology. IEEE provides information on electrical and computer engineering topics, including information on communications systems and how these systems will exist in the future. IEEE has different societies that focus in a specific technology area. The IEEE Communication Society is comprised of engineers working in all areas of communication, and many of these engineers research in future communication systems, evolving such wireless technologies as advanced radio frequency (RF) and free-space optical (FSO) communication links. The IEEE Communication Society is the editor of multiple journals and magazines in which engineers report on their cutting edge research. The Communication Society also sponsors many conferences throughout the year, in which engineers gather and present and discuss their work. These publications will provide you with the most up to date research in the area of future communication systems. Beyond the links provided above, a search on the internet will provide many results on communication systems, their current challenges, and their future. Ask an Expert Q: I am a student from pakistan.I have just completed Bachelors in Computer science and now i have two options for the graduate level studies.First one is MS in Information Technology(networks track)(in an engineering university with rank 2 in national rankings) and the Second one is MSc in Computer Engineering(in an Engineering University with rank 5 in national rankings).My interest is towards communications/networks and i want to join Telecomm sector in future.please tell me which option is better for my future keeping in view both the job prospects and PhD level studies and also tell me that what should be my strategy for the future. Ask an Expert Q: i'am h.s.c. passed student and i want to know the carrer courses which in computer technology and which do not have any entrance exam.i have scored 83% marks with 90 in PCM Ask an Expert Q: 1.which department is the best and have allot of oppurtinty to work in todays world.closest todays world. A.computer sciens enginnering B.electrical enginnerinnering C.electrinocs and communication enginnering D.information technology i am asking this because i am confused in choosing the best departement. i am interested on all the listed departement equally. Ask an Expert Q: which department is the leading department in oxford universtiy A.electrical enginnering B.computer enginnering c. information technology D. communication enginnering Ask an Expert Q: I have a high school junior who is interested in business and engineering- doing both majors is probably not feasible- any ideas about Engineering Management vs. doing Engineering with a minor in business? Pursuing the study of engineering and business can be very rewarding, and challenging. And it can be accomplished in a reasonable time period if the student is committed to learning. An undergraduate degree in engineering is good preparation for continuing education in business. There are a number of options that may be considered in planning future studies. These include programs that combine engineering and business, sequential programs with degrees in engineering followed by graduate study in business or management, and the engineering management program. The program a student selects will depend on a number of factors personal and institutional. Among these are the time the student has prior to entering the work force, his or her relative interest in engineering versus business, what undergraduate schools are being considered and longer-term professional goals. Some universities offer combination programs in engineering and business. These are generally five-year programs with the student being awarded a BS in engineering on completion of four years of study and a BS in business administration on completion of the fifth year of study. Another option is to major in engineering as an undergraduate and take a concentration of business courses as electives. This could then be followed by a masters-degree in business administration (MBA) or engineering management in graduate school. This is a fairly common career route as it provides an opportunity for an engineer to gain work experience prior to taking advanced study in business and management. There are a number of different programs that are in the field of engineering management depending on the undergraduate school selected. Many undergraduate programs are Industrial Engineering at the undergraduate level. Individuals in these programs generally go on to graduate school to obtain a MBA or MS in Engineering Management. Which route the student selects will depend largely on current interests and long-term professional goals. Regardless of the path chosen the student must prepare for life-long learning. Undergraduate and even graduate degrees are no longer considered “terminal” degrees. Advances in technology and business practices require continuous learning. Ask an Expert Q: dear sir i am completed bachelor of scince. but iam working in civil industry as a chemist. so university offrered for concrete technology in post gradution Ask an Expert Q: For an astronautical engineering degree, what do you really learn about in college? Astronautics, or Astronautical Engineering, is the branch of engineering that deals with machines designed to exit or work entirely beyond the Earth's atmosphere. In other words, it is the science and technology of space flight. Although many regard Astronautics itself as a rather specialized subject, engineers and scientists working in this area must be knowledgeable about many distinct fields of knowledge. Astrodynamics: the study of orbital motion. Those specializing in this field examine topics such as Propulsion: how spacecraft change orbits, and how they are launched. Most spacecraft have some variety of rocket engine, and thus most research efforts focus on some variety of rocket propulsion, such as chemical, nuclear propulsion, or electric propulsion. Spacecraft design: a specialized form of systems engineering which centers on combining all the necessary sub-systems for a particular launch vehicle or satellite Controls: keeping a satellite or rocket in its desired orbit (as in spacecraft navigation) and orientation (as in attitude control). Space environment: although more a sub-discipline of Physics rather than Astronautics, the effects of space weather and other environmental issues constitute an increasingly important field of study for spacecraft designers. Some related fields of study include aeronautics and aerospace, mechanical engineering, and physics. To read more about what it's like to be an astronautical engineer, check out the two interviews in the PE Times article on Aerospace Engineering: http://www.jets.org/newsletter/1206/index.htm Ask an Expert Q: I will soon be entering college and I am inclined towards an electrical engineering major. I am especially concerned about the future in this field. There is a lot of discussion about outsourcing, downsizing, excessive work vs. little compensation, and few opportunities of advancement within the career. Mainly, it seems like engineers are not well-respected for their expertise but rather seen as tools by employers. Is this true? Also, how open is the career to advancement? At some point in my life, I would like to be able to advance from the regular problem-solving type of work to the frontiers of engineering developments, where I would have the opportunity to contribute to the developments of tomorrow, theoretical and otherwise. Is this realistically possible within electrical engineering? Future opportunities for electrical engineers and engineers in related fields have never been greater, both in the United States and globally. As a student about to enter college I assume you have heard of iPods, cell phones, HDTV to name only a few of the new products that have appeared in the last decade. This rapid pace of new product development and the introduction of new features in mature products will not decrease. One example of this is the vast array of electronics incorporated in new cars. Electronics (chips) control everything from the air-fuel mixture to comply with environmental regulations while ensuring desired performance, to the anti-skid breaking systems to ensure safe control during hazardous driving conditions. In addition there are the voice activated navigation, entertainment and climate control systems. Electrical engineers are also supporting the field of medicine with new products for diagnosing illnesses and performing operations that are minimally invasive through the use of robotics. As an engineer entering the workforce in 4-5 years you will be part of a global economy. That does not mean that all jobs will be outsourced to other countries. However, it does mean that you have to be prepared for changes in the job market brought about by changes in technology and market conditions. Whether or not an engineer is considered a “tool” by an employer or as a member of the creative team depends largely on the engineer. It is easy to become an “expert” in one particular area of technology and then find out that that technology is no longer needed and the job is being eliminated. To avoid this it is necessary to continually learn about the latest in technology and follow market trends to identify the types of new products consumers will need 3-5 years in the future. Your career goals are very realistic and achievable within the field of electrical engineering. I wish you much success. Ask an Expert Q: If I do my Btech from Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (Gandhinagar Gujrat), which is a deemed university recognised by Gujrat state govt. and NOT recognised by AICTE, can I get a Govt. job, can I get admission in one of the IIMs(Indian Institute of Management),can I get admission in XLRI Jamshedpur etc. and Can I appear for Civil services exam ? Ask an Expert Q: what is computer engineering? What is information technology engineering? what is the difference between the 2 ? which of them has more scope? Ask an Expert Q: Please describe the difference between avionics and aeronautics? Avionics is a portmanteau which literally means aviation electronics. In essence it comprises all electronic systems designed for use on an aircraft. At a basic level this comprises communications, navigation and the display and management of multiple systems. It also comprises the literally hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to meet individual roles. These can be as simple as a search light for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an Airborne Early Warning platform. The study of avionics and its impact on aerospace technology has grown at an amazing rate. Initially the ancillary part of an aircraft, avionics has, for many aircraft, become the sole reason for its existence. Increasingly, military aircraft become the means of placing powerful and sensitive sensors into a tactical environment. Aeronautics is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacture of flight-capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft. While the term—literally meaning "sailing the air"—originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft. One of the significant parts in aeronautics is a branch of physical science called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Aviation is a term sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although "aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, while "aviation" does not. Ask an Expert Q: Dear sir, I'm a final year student of BSc.Telecommunication engineering... I want to ask that what should i have to choose my final year project.....regarding my discipline.... wat field or technology should i have to choose for my FYP..... thank you Ask an Expert Q: I hold Masters degree in Computer Applications(MCA) from India and working out of California. I want to do Part-time PhD in Computer Engineering and Technology. I would like to know the universities in California, offer Part-time PhD programme. Thanks very much for your help. Ask an Expert Q: How to plan transmission link for GSM technology using pathloss 4.0 Ask an Expert Q: which collage can i join for studying nanotechnology with very less expentures as i come for poor family . also i have studied CBSE syllabus upto 10 . please help in finding schlorship also ? Ask an Expert Q: My son will be graduating in May 2007 with a computer technology engineer degree. Can you please advise me as to what type of jobs can he apply for? Thanks. Sheila Ask an Expert Q: How did you decide which major to study? I decided that I wanted to do engineering at a very early age because I liked math and science and I was good at it. I wanted to not only to know the math and science but how to use this knowledge of math and science to improve the quality of living. I decided that I would want to be and Electrical and Computer Engineer because I knew that computers were the future of where our technology base is headed and I wanted to be a part of that. I would suggest that you look into what discipline you think that you are interested in and then from there look at other disciplines if you have not found what you think you want to do. Or, think about your ideal job and look at which types of engineers work in that field. There are a lot of options but you are doing a good thing by asking questions. Keep asking and you are bound to find out what you want to do just keep doing research until you find what it is you want to do. Ask an Expert Q: please give the list of engineerig colleges who conducts master in engineering or master of technology in distance learning education in india Ask an Expert Q: is an undergraduate course in computer and information technology an engineering degree Ask an Expert Q: i am bangladeshi,mechanical[Bsc. Engineering,(4th year)]graduate student of IUT{islamic University of Technology}.i am in 7th semester having CGPA-3.50 out of 5.00 .i wanna do my masters in automobile engineering.which university should i choose for my prospective? Ask an Expert Q: Dear Sir/ Madam, I am a student of korea university in seoul. I want to know about your work, and how you spend your day. This is because I want to be a business man who deals with cutting-edge technology. And if I want to be a global leader, should I study at America's top-class universities?? And finally , if I want to study in America's top-class universities, What qualifications do I need. I appreciate your time. Best regards, Tae-jin Joen Ask an Expert Q: i want to know abt the details of HOW TO PRESENT PAPERS am doing first yr engineering at madurai(India) in information technology give me full details regarding PAPER PRESENTATION Ask an Expert Q: I am currently a high school student in India, graduating this year. I want to pursue a career in Automobile industry. But I am quite confused which major shall I pursue if I get selected in any of the Indian Institutes of Technology (I have already given the Joint Entrance Examination for it). I have heard Mechanical Engineering helps quite a lot in it. What shall I do? Moreover I am in a fix whether there is a fruitful career in the segment in India or abroad. Ask an Expert Q: I'm a college student who until now had no idea what career I was going to pursue. I recently became fascinated with technology and decided to take the strenuous road to become an electrical engineer and I have a ton of questions for you. I am especially jaw dropped by the creative things that Carl Allison and the guys at Imagineering accomplished. I am very excited and want to know all there is to know about this field and what I should expect in the future. 1. What tasks performed in the occupation appeal to you the most? the least? 2. What salary can you expect to make upon entry into the occupation? 3. What opportunities are typically available for advancement in the occupation? 4. Is there any training/education needed for this occupation excluding college? 5. How much time is devoted/needed to becoming an engineer? 6. What type of person, in respect to strengths and qualities, is most likely to be successful in this occupation? 7. What was the most interesting information that you discovered about your chosen occupation? about you? 8. What, if anything, did you find that was negative or disappointing about the occupation? I've heard all the bad things bout becoming an electrical engineer from my friends who started out pursuing the field but they said it wasn't worth the trouble so most of them went on to either chemical or processing tech. I want to know if I'm making the right decision or were my friends right all along. Thanks! Ask an Expert Q: I am currently a student in Electronics Engineering Technology with a concentration in alternative energies. I would like to go on and get a research oriented graduate degree, will the B.S. degree (as opposed to a B.S.E. degree) hinder my chances? Ask an Expert Q: After completion B.E or B.TECH in computer science engineering or electronics and telecommunication engineering how can I study in the feild of nanotechnology in india ? Ask an Expert Q: I received my associate degree in pre- engineering seven years ago.. My goal was to continue my studies in electrical/computer engineering. I have a strong interest in technology which is the major reason I want to pursue an engineering profession. I am 32 years old. Do you think it will be too late to go back to engineering school? What will be my future as a graduate seeking employment with other younger talents out there? Do you think at my age I'll have difficulties getting a job? It’s never a bad idea to get more education. If your current job involves Electrical or Computer Engineering, then there might be an opportunity to improve your chances for advancement. If your current job is not in a technical area, it might be an opportunity to change to a job that better fits your interests. Engineering is a competitive field, but there are many job opportunities out there. As long as you are willing to start over at age 32, you should be able to find an entry-level position, or you might find that your life experiences also have value to a potential employer. Remember, you will be competing with 22-23 year old graduates, who do not have the same financial needs that you might have. My advice – first focus on a career that is stimulating and interesting to you. Then, the financial rewards will follow. Ask an Expert Q: dear sir, i have completed my +2 and now can you please tell me some undergraduate programmes in nanotechnology and colleges offering it in india. Ask an Expert Q: Hello, I am currently pursuing my Baccalaureate in Technology and my discipline happens to be Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE). As I enter my final year of Under-graduation, I have a keen interest in pursuing a Masters degree. I will be glad if you could answer a few questions that I have in mind; 1.) My primary interest is in the field of Communication, which I believe has tremendous potential. Could you please suggest possible Masters courses in that field and the Universities offering such courses? (Preferably in the US and the UK where I can get aid.) 2.) Apart from Communication, I am also interested in fields like DSP (Digital Signal Processing) and Image Processing. Could you again please suggest possible Masters courses in these fields and the Universities which offer such courses? (Preferably in the US and the UK where I can get aid.) Thanking you in advance, Sincerely, Karthik (Student of SASTRA University, Tanjore, India) Ask an Expert Q: i m frm India.I ve currently completed my 12th grade schooling.I have applied for MSc.honours in physics at govt. of india based inst. which has a solid research background. This course is of 5 yrs duration.I wanna knw that which all fields can i apply for MS at MIT(US) after earning the MSc. degree.Is it necessary to have an UG degree in engineering specifically if i want to pursue MS at MIT? I would like to inform u that in india BSc.(bach. of science) & b.tech or be(bach. of technology or engg.) are treated separately. Similar is the case with MSc. , Mtech or ME. Ask an Expert Q: i am doing final year in mechanical engg from vellore institute of technology in india.will you please let me know the high ranking universities in united states which offer master in sciences degree in mechanical engineering? Ask an Expert Q: Whats is the difference between Bachelor of science (Biotechnology) and Bachelor of engineering (Biochemistry-Biotechnology)and what are the job offers available for both of them ? Ask an Expert Q: Hello there! I'm a computer and information engineering undergraduate in a Malaysian university. I have a few questions, which I hope you will respond to. 1.I'm looking forward to working as an engineer outside of Malaysia, perhpas in the USA, Singapore, Australia or New Zealand. In order to work in these countries, does my university have to be accredited with the respective country's engineering accreditation board? If so, how can I overcome this and also does this apply to interns? 2. I have done really well in and enjoyed my DSP, Digital Logic Design and Microprocessor Technology classes very much. Which line of work would allow me to apply my knowledge of them? And how important is software programming for this type of career? Thank you so much. Ask an Expert Q: I am currently doing a school project in which I am being interviewed as if ten years from now I am an electrical engineering being interviewed for a job. I would like to know what the requirements for obtaining a career as an electrical engineering. I would like to know what steps I need to take for that specific field. What kind of majors, certificates, etc., should I pursue? A career in electrical engineering generally requires an education from a specialized school, college, or university. Depending on the nature of the job desired, a bachelor's or graduate degree is usually necessary. A 1999 report by the National Science Foundation estimates that electrical engineers make up about one-fourth of all those employed as engineers. Most electrical engineers in the United States and Canada started their careers after earning a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in engineering from an accredited program that required four years of study (some universities award a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Technology or Bachelor of Applied Science degree). In some European countries, typical engineering programs require five years of study. The general trend in Europe (based on the Bologna Declaration) is toward a program of three (3) years of studies toward a B.Sc. degree followed by two (2) years of studies toward a Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree. Only M.Sc. holders are considered ready for engineering practice. It is estimated that about 77% of practicing engineers with engineering degrees in the United States hold a B.Sc as their highest degree (requiring on average 4 years). 19% hold an M.Sc. (requiring additional 2 years on average), and the remaining 4% hold a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) (requiring on average 4 years of study after the B.Sc. degree). Most engineering jobs still require only a B.Sc. or equivalent. However, if you desire to do advanced development work, an M.Sc. is likely to be required; if you wish to engage in state of the art research, you probably would need a Ph.D. degree. Electrical engineering major and its sub-disciplines Electrical engineering is a broad academic field and is composed of many sub-disciplines. These sub-disciplines include (but are not limited to) power, control, electronics, microelectronics, signal processing, telecommunications, and computers. The diversity of the academic field is representative of the diversity of professional careers in electrical engineering, which range from the design and modeling of nano-scale electronic devices to the control of the US electric power grid. Computer engineering and electronics engineering are also closely related to electrical engineering. Most universities offer curriculum tracks within their electrical engineering department that focus on individual sub-disciplines. You should select a track or sub-discipline based on the kinds of jobs that interest you. Licensure For careers that involve providing engineering services to the public, the applicant usually must be licensed as a professional engineer. In the United States, this requires (in addition to a degree from an accredited engineering program) four years of relevant work experience and passing a state exam. Although in general it is not necessary to attain the Professional Engineering (PE) license to practice engineering, it may be required in order to do certain kinds of government work or to review and approve designs. Some companies may require the license for promotion to management positions. You might find some of the following links to be helpful Guide to College Majors in Electrical Engineering, provided by worldwidelearn.com, provides a brief discussion of the field of Electrical Engineering, career planning advice, and information about Electrical Engineering degree programs and licensure. IEEE Pre-University Education provides resources for pre-university students about education and career options in electrical, electronic, and computer engineering. Electrical Engineering at Wikipedia provides information regarding electrical engineering. Note that entries in Wikipedia may be modified by users at any time, so reader caution is advised. Ask an Expert Q: I have completed my master degree in information technology and wish to do Ph D in software testing ,in india. What i have to do in this regard? Ask an Expert Q: Which of the following engineering coleges have better outcome / placement if subject is Electronics & Communication or Information Technology: 1. R.V. Engineering College, Bangalore 2. Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune Ask an Expert Q: Iam a final year student of engineering(instrumentation&control)pls let me know what are career prospects for me.IF i wish to pursue M.TECH TELL me in which subject shall i do,iam interested in automation & nanotechnology. Ask an Expert Q: i wish to know what are the job prospects for a M tech nanotechnology in India? Ask an Expert Q: am doing 1 st year engineering ( finish 1 st yr on this moth)in B.Tech INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY in india (in tamil nadu-south india) am interested in doing project and ready to study new courses related to my engineering field please help me to know about "how to do projects?" and also inform the various new courses (short duration) to be taken during my 2 nd year of engineering tel me some details about six sigma Ask an Expert Q: am doing 1 st year engineering in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY in india (south india) am interested in doing some other additional courses along with my engineering so please help me to know about various short interval courses helpful for my placement in india or abroad the course may be online also but the course must have value and useful for placement may 'six sigma' help me ? is this can be learn on my 2 nd year of engineering please inform me with additional details Ask an Expert Q: I am in 2nd PUC now with a combination of PCME wanted to make career in nanotechnology after my puc.pl.guide me about the subjects,steps,universities in banglore and prospects towards nanotechnology Ask an Expert Q: I have a BSEET degree (Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology), and have been working as a mechanical designer/drafter for three years now. I want to use more of my degree, cross over into electrical design and go back to college to earn a MENG degree. Am I better off going this route or trying to get a BSEE degree? I will have a senior electrical engineering mentoring me throughout this process. Background: The questioner asks about academic programs in engineering as opposed to programs in engineering technology. Readers who are unfamiliar with the differences are referred to this explanation and table. Answer: We could not reach total agreement about your question among practitioners and educators to whom we posed this question. Most of them thought that if you can be accepted into a reputable Master of Engineering or Master of Science program in Electrical Engineering it would probably be a better route toward upward mobility in the workplace. Those who favored this route indicated that it would open the door for you to be interviewed for positions for which you would not be eligible with a BSEET degree. Assuming you have earned the BSEET from a reputable program and with a high enough GPA, there may be quite a few graduate programs that will admit you for a course of study leading to a Master of Science degree (perhaps with some requirements for remedial course work). Your MSEE studies would be more interesting than the alternative BSEE studies (since there is much overlap between standard BSEE and BSEET programs), and the length of your studies toward a degree would be shorter. The key here is to get the MSEE degree from a reputable university. If this is not possible in your case, a BSEE program (perhaps with some exemptions on account of your past BSEET work) is the remaining alternative. Ask an Expert Q: I am a Lebanese woman with a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in Computer and Communication Engineering (CCE). I would like to continue my studies in a US university for a Master of Science degree in Telecommunication Engineering. Do you have any suggestions? US universities offer a large variety of programs that lead to a Master of Telecommunication Engineering and equivalent degrees. Some programs have a systems or networking focus and others blend technical subjects with the management and economics of telecommunications. We will review a small sample of the available programs. The Program in Telecommunications and Networking at the University of Pennsylvania is multidisciplinary and includes courses in the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS), and from the Wharton School of Business. The MS in Telecommunications program at George Mason University offers courses in communications systems, wireless networks, optical communications, computers, and systems engineering, combined with courses on telecommunications policy, law, business, and international issues. Florida International University offers an MS program in Telecommunications and Networking. It offers a systems and networks track as well as a management and policy track. The University of Colorado in Boulder offers several programs under the title Interdisciplinary Telecommunications. These include: MS in Telecommunications; ME (Master of Engineering) in Telecommunications; ME Engineering Management/MS Telecommunications; MBA/MS in Telecommunications (with the Leeds School of Business). See also offerings at the University of Texas at Dallas; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Polytechnic University; and Drexel University. Ask an Expert Q: Hello, I am researching the Biomedical Engineering Technology field, because was in nursing school and did not enjoy it. I would like to give this field a shot, but I am not all that great at math. However, I do catch on subjects pretty fast if I work on it. My questions is would this degree be vrey difficult for me since I am not that good in math. The medical for me is very easy for me and I would not have a problem with doing well. Ask an Expert Q: i am from new delhi,india and am about to take up b.tech biotechnology.what is the scope of biotechnology in usa and uk? do you get a good position immediately after post grad.in usa,uk?is it a very payable carreer option? Ask an Expert Q: i wud like to know if biomedical ebgineering is better than biotechnology???which has more scope??im really confused... Ask an Expert Q: I AM INTRESTED IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AND I AM LOOKING FORWARD FOR FURTHER STUDIES IN IT AT INDIA AFTER 10TH STANDARD? PLEASE REPLY SOON Ask an Expert Q: sir...... .....i am an student just passed out, batch(2003-2007)in (Btech)electronics & communication......my problem is that i hav a job in IT sector........But intereste is in my core fielf that is electronics..i am in fix that what should i do with my job...should i drop it.... more over i looked for electronis job but unable to find out any...... ..i thought on this & came up with the decision that i will go in my core electronis field only...... now there comes... 1)embedded systems 2)VLSI technology 3)automation & instrumentation ...now i want u to sggest me that which field has broader scope & offcourse money too & why? By giving me the reasons... ..& how should i approach for the seeking job in these fields. pls reply soon.... Ask an Expert Q: I am an industrial mechanic currently employed in the wind power industry as a field technician. Since my employment in this field I have developed a passion for clean renewable energy. I would like the ability to make a greater contribution and also further my career prospects. I have recently been considering an engineering degree however I am unsure which field I should choose. I work with mechanics by trade, however being in the wind industry I have had a lot of exposure to electrical theory and practice. My main goal is to make an impacting contribution to the development of clean renewable energy, not being limited to solely the wind industry, but possibly in fields such as hydrogen technology as well. I have interests in both mechanical and electrical fields, as well as energy within different states and energy conversion (Thermodynamics?). Which discipline would be best suited to my goal? Are there specific disciplines offered at universities which concentrate on these interests? I have been dwelling on this question for quite some time and any assistance you could offer would be greatly appreciated. Thank you! Ask an Expert Q: Hello. I just discovered your site, and I think this is a great idea. I would like to know who answers these questions. What type of engineer is responding to this query? As for me, I will be in my sophomore year of college this fall, and I am considering working towards a BS in Mechanical Engineering. I understand the principles of math and science, but I am afraid that if I began working as an engineer, my technical knowledge will become outdated so fast that I will not be able to effectively design high-tech products. The main area of technology that I worry about is electronics. So my question is this: How do most engineers stay current in their field? Do employers provide training and conferences which deal with the latest technology? Thank you very much! Ask an Expert Q: Sir I have been offered Civil Engineering in manipal institute of technology, Manipal , India. Is the future of Civil Engineers bright & what is the starting salary, also i have been offered chemical eng. in same institute. Should I go for civil or chemical, or study computer scince in another, but lower in infrastructure , college called ITER. Ask an Expert Q: i am at present doing my final year(b-tech)in kerala(india).i would like to know the chances i have in pursuing a M-tech/MS in nanotechnology. Ask an Expert Q: I am persuing my post- graduation MSc in VLSI Engg. in India and the post-graduate degree will be awarded by Coventry univ (U.K) . I am interested in research in the field of nanotechnology , wireless and solar energy integration related fields.I would like to know the universities that I can opt for in US. I would also like to know more details on the kind of scholarship that I may get during my stay at the universities. I am currently in India .Also I would like to know the details/minimum requirements for the Visa processing required for coming to US under reasearch scholar visa. Ask an Expert Q: I am a chemical engineering major at a small school in the U S. Currently, am working on my Bachelor's am thinking about getting my MS in chemical engineering from India's Mumbai university, Institute of chemical Technology or one of the IITs since, it will be cheaper out there and I guess these schools are reputable. Do think I should go to India's MUICT or IIT or just join a grad school here in the US? Ask an Expert Q: What is the difference between a Bachelor of Applied Technology(from a college) and a Bachelor of Engineering(from a University)? How Will each affect my marketability Ask an Expert Q: Q.1>can i do bachelor in nanotechnology after hsc?or can i do it after ssc? Q.2>can i do bachelor in software engenieering after ssc or it compulsary to do it after hsc? Ask an Expert Q: i m in 11th now.i have interest in neuroscience nanotechnology.i wanted to know whether i need to do engineering or directly bsc,msc and phd.which is better option?which institutes offer the courses?do i need to give cet exam after 12th for any research study?which one?pcm-cet or pcb cet?i have general interest in research so please tell me other scopesin science after 12th too.thnx Ask an Expert Q: im intrested in higher education in civil technology engineering. Ask an Expert Q: I am working on a special section on engineering for the Houston Chronicle employment division. I have a story a writer turned in on IT engineers (they work on interface issues, I gather), and another story on computer engineers which speaks more to the education background needed for a job where "They design, develop and implement computer technology into a wide range of consumer, industrial, commercial or military applications." Can you offer me some clarification? I'm checking with the local universities as well, but they're closed for the July 4th holiday. Thanks. Ask an Expert Q: i am an Information & Communication Technology student(minor in Electrical & Electronics Engineering and Computer Engineering) and will be in my final year by September. In preparation for my B.Eng final project, i have been thinking of what to present as my topic but i have not found anything reasonable.pls can you give me a suggestion of topics to work on? thanks Ask an Expert Q: Hello, m studyin Btech in Informatin Technology.. i wanted to do my masters abroad i wanted to queries the universities of australia and us for doing my masters in IT or Computer Science i want to know whether doin Ms from Australia wil be benificial or shal i only focus for USA? and what are the job and salary prospects after doin MS from Australia in these fields.??? i wil become graduate in 2009 Ask an Expert Q: Hello.. i m doin my Btech in Information Technology i wanted to do my masters in Information Technology or Computer Science in abroad specifically in USA or Australia.. i wanted to know how it wil be to do my Ms in Australia? wil it be benificial to my fields and what are the job and salary prospects there for IT and CS ?? or shal i only focus to USA? i wil become a graduate in 2009.. so can u pls guide me? Ask an Expert Q: My daughter is an excellent math and science student, entering her senior year. She has great interest in biology. When she tells others this they suggest engineering as a career choice. She is unsure because she is not fully aware of what the field entails. How can I get her experience or info? The area of Biomedical Engineering is one the faster growing fields in Engineering. If there are Biomedical, (or other Engineering) firms in your town, they would probably be willing to give you and your daughter a tour of their facility. Many Universities now also have Technology Parks. Touring the businesses in a Technology Park or a Business Incubator is a good way to see a variety of companies doing high technology work. Ask an Expert Q: i m 26,B.E. in electronics and Telecommunication Engg. with 55.56%.Currently,I'm working as a Faculty(Trainer) in a Pvt. Institute,in Mumbai.I am giving training to Junior on Mobile and Wireless Technology.I want to proceed my education in part time,as MBA or as M.E./M.TECH.Which one is better Plz.suggests me. Ask an Expert Q: i m an engg student (B.E-ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATIONS)in first yr from gujarat india.i want 2 do masters in US in field of aerospace or robotics.i m confused whether 2 stay in my local engg college(top engg college of my state) or waste 1 yr & join regional college(national institute of technology-NIT). which has better reputation in US? how do i get a list of colleges & degrees (at undergraduate level) that are recognised & preffered by US universities at the time of graduate admissions? Ask an Expert Q: I’m half-way through pursuing a BS in Information Technology from the University of Phoenix and although I enjoy computers, I’m very much into the Aviation industry and I’m thinking of and wanting to get a degree in Aeronautics. I have had my share of aviation-related jobs such as being a flight ops scheduler for CV-22 and having launched and recovered aircraft on a naval carrier when I was in the Navy. I’d like to stay in the Aviation field. How do I start and where would I go to work toward obtaining a degree in the Aeronautical field? Would my credits be transferable? What if I’m not very strong in mathematics? Please help. Thank you. Ask an Expert Q: what is the scope for nanotechnology and which are the universities serving nanotechnology in india Ask an Expert Q: CAN U PLEASE TELL ME ABOUT ASIA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,PANIPAT Ask an Expert Q: I am in the U.S. Air Force with 20+ years in electronics and am now getting experience managing convergent voice/data network function as well as traditional communications systems maintenance. I have a BSEET from an ABET-accredited program and am looking into a master's degree. I am trying to decide between an M.S. in Telecommunications Engineering Technology (focused on networking) or IT service management. To be honest, the MSTET is more appealing to me, but I am hesitant given what I have read and heard regarding the way technologists are viewed in the engineering community. Could you offer any insight? Thank you. Ask an Expert Q: i graduated with a 3rd class degree in civil engr from a university of technology in nigeria.i have like a 2yrs working experience including my national youth service corps.i want to further my studies abroad uk or other parts of europe and i wwant u to advice me on my chances Ask an Expert Q: I want to know the job prospectives for chemical engineers in India. Would a Masters degree from USA help to get a better job in India and if so does the University name count in any way? Chemical engineering is one of the most versatile and diversified engineering fields. It involves design and maintenance of chemical plants, refineries, and foundries, development of chemical processes for converting raw materials or chemicals into valuable forms, and remove chemicals from waste materials amongst other aspects. Chemical engineers are a vital part of the manufacturing sector of any country. With the recent growth in Indian economy, there has been a tremendous increase in the employment opportunities for engineers in general and chemical engineers specifically. A host of employment opportunities exist for chemical engineers in the public, private and government sectors in India. Various government agencies, institutions, private companies and firms dealing with petroleum and petrochemicals, power generation, pharmaceuticals, food, materials, specialty chemicals, yarns and plastics, environmental control and monitoring, waste management and biotechnology employ chemical engineers in areas such as process control, manufacturing, design and construction, processing, operations amongst others. Candidates with an additional masters degree from the USA in a relevant technical and/or management field are highly sought after by Indian industries and are placed in advanced research teams pursuing cutting edge research, project management teams for commissioning turn key projects, new product development teams in addition to various other exciting portfolios. Such candidates bring along with them experience, professionalism and an "International" style of work and hence are vital to the indian industries in the current globalization era. The pay packages for chemical engineers depend on the employers (private, public or government sector). In general a MS/MBA degree from a reputed and highly ranked university in the USA is well recognized and highly sought by employers in India. Ask an Expert Q: What is the difference between information technology engineering degree and a computer science engineering degree? Which one has the best future? Ask an Expert Q: I am pursuing my M.Tech degree in Nanotechnology in India.I want to know the list of universities(in India and abroad) offering projects in nanotechnology for masters. Ask an Expert Q: I am a graduate of ITT Tech with an associates of computer drafting and design. I am really interested in the mechanical engineeing field. My question is should I continue to work with me current degree and become a desinger at some point, or go to online school and get an additional associates degree in mechanical engineering technology, or go to a university and get my bachelors of mechanincal engineering? What can I do and what am I limited in doing with each degree? Any suggestions to schools or programs or companies that will let me go to school and work? Ask an Expert Q: I want to know that is it necessary to do B.tech. if want to pursue for nanotechnology or I can go for Physics Honours. which field is suitable for nanotech. thanks. Ask an Expert Q: i have got admission in a college for B.E Computer science and engineering. i just want to know as to whether i can pursue higher studies in nanotechnology with a B.E in Computer science. IF SO, WHAT POST-GRADUATION DEGREE CAN I TAKE UP, AND WHERE(PREFERABLY, IN INDIA)? Ask an Expert Q: What is the Technology behind i-Pods? How are rhey made? What are the components required? Ask an Expert Q: hi,is there any M.S.courses in Nanotechnology.If so which University is offering it? Ask an Expert Q: I am working on a BSEET degree through a nationally accredited university. I'm at a point that I am thinking of abandoning that degree (3 semesters to go) and maybe working toward something in Info Technology instead. My background is in communications. Most of my credits are toward the BSEET so that's why I chose that degree. Any opinion as the whether a BSEET degree through distance learning is considered a reputable degree? I have left the name out on purpose, however, it is not a diploma mill. It's been a lot of hard work to get this far. Looking for advice. Thank you for responding. Ask an Expert Q: my question is..wats the technology behind iPods?? what are its components?? and its details.. Ask an Expert Q: sir/maam, Iam doing a technical project on iPods. i would like to know about the technology behind iPods, the various components with which it is made of. pl get the infomation as soon as possible. Ask an Expert Q: hi, am an 2nd yr student doing my B.Tech degree in Electronics & Instrumentation. Iam also interested in NANOTECHNOLOGY. I wish to pursue my M.S. in NANOTECHNOLOGY. Can u suggest what am i suppose to do? Ask an Expert Q: respected sir, I am going to join a BS course for EET(avionics) at Srinidhi Institute Of Technolgy in India in Collobaration with vaugh college of aeronautics and technology, New york. May i know the job prospects of Avionics?? can i get a job in a defence firm and work in the R&D field?? may i also know the growth of Avionics???? may i also know about Vaugh College as i do not know much about it. Waiting For Your Reply! Yours Respectfully W.S.Sreekiran Ask an Expert Q: I am sixteen years old. I would like to be an engineer in the telecommunication field. Please let me know about its scope and what it is all about. The telecommunications industry is at the forefront of the information age—delivering voice, data, graphics and video at ever increasing speeds and in a growing number of ways. Whereas wireline telephone communication was once the primary service of the industry, wireless communication services and cable and satellite program distribution are becoming increasingly dominant. Telecommunications engineers design, develop, test, and debug software and hardware products for communications applications. These products range from modems and encoders to computer-assisted engineering programs for schematic cabling projects; modeling programs for cellular and satellite systems; and programs for telephone options, such as voice mail, e-mail, and call waiting. Fields of Interest and Employment Most telecommunications engineers work in large companies and in large cities. With continuing deregulation, however, the number of small contractors has been increasing. The telecommunication field used to be dominated by providers of wired telephone service. Customer premises were connected by cables to central offices where switching and routing were implemented. Wired telecommunications carriers continue to be a large sector of the telecommunications industry, though increasingly companies in this business use wireless technologies in addition (or in conjunction with) their wired services. While voice used to be the main type of signal transmitted over the wires, current services include the transmission of multiple types of analog and digital signals for communication of graphics, audio, video, and other electronic data. Almost all services include (or plan to include) interfaces to the Internet. Wireless telecommunications companies, many of which have started as subsidiaries of the wired carriers, make use of radio towers and satellites to communicate with the mobile devices operated by their customers. Indeed, in the last decade mobile telephones have become ubiquitous, and have incorporated additional services beyond voice communications. Handheld device technologies known as the third generation of mobile phones (3G) already provide wide-area wireless voice telephony and broadband wireless data incorporating high-speed internet access and video telephony. The envisioned fourth generation communication system (4G) would provide users with a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia will be available on an "anytime, anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates. Using optic fibers and satellite communication, many companies have developed popular television services that provide customers with hundreds of channels and with the ability to purchase services and participate in interactive games, competitions, and polls. Many enterprises that started as Cable TV or Satellite TV have now integrated the original technology with Internet services, and have blended multiple wired and wireless technologies into their infrastructure to provide customers with new information and entertainment services. These services have transformed the traditional means of data collection and dissemination, such as newspapers and over-the-air radio and television networks. The dramatic changes in telecommunications over the last 10 years appear to have been just the beginning of a large technological shift in this field. Many areas, such as military communications, have not yet incorporated the benefits of the new technologies in full, and many geographical areas of the world have not yet joined the global networks. At the same time, issues of reliability, security, resilience to attacks, and scalability continue to pose major technical and scientific challenges. While these challenges do not guarantee problem-free employment to all telecommunication engineers, they do point to a strong positive trend and to the potential for many rewarding careers in a strongly expanding market. The two major professional societies for telecommunications engineers are the Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. In addition, to learn more about this exciting field of engineering and read an interview with a telecommunications engineer, check out this issue of the PE Times dedicated to telecommunications engineering. Note: The resources on this page provided in part courtesy of the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center. Ask an Expert Q: sir , My name is karthikeyan.R ,I finished BE mechatronics(2006) and advance training in Industrial automation at kumaraguru college of technology in India.Now I have applied for master of mechatronics engineering at university of adelaide in Australia.I knew that mechatronics engineering is highly recognised in singapore .My query whether it is worthful to do master of mechatronics in australia to find opportunities in both australia and singapore ? Ask an Expert Q: I have an idea for an engine sort of based on the Stilring engine technology of temperature difference that takes advantadge of the compression and expansion of gases without needing to provide a heat source or external fuel. Anyone intested and might want to colaborate if I actually am on to something? Ask an Expert Q: I am studying my bachelors of technology in Electrical Electronics at the Indian University in India. I am in my third year now. I have a dilemma on selecting a good Masters program after I complete my bachelor’s degree. What is a cutting edge master degree program leading to the best career in terms of salary, locations/countries? Is an MBA a good option or should I have to carry on with my Electrical Electronics specialization. If yes, what areas should I specialize? Ask an Expert Q: iam doing information technology engineering from india iam final year student and i want to know that what should i do after completing my engineering mba or job?if job then in which field iam basically a programming student i want you to refer some companies if u know in india with all the basic details Ask an Expert Q: HI SIR THIS IS SAURABH BHATIA.I AM DOING B.TECH IN MECHANICAL BRANCH FROM KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.I WANT TO DO MY SUMMER TRANING IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY SO SIR PLEASE GUIDE ME ABOUT THE PROCEDURE THROUGH WHICH I COULD DO MY SUMMER TRANING IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY. Ask an Expert Q: hi, i want to do a project on networking or on mobile... so can u help me about the newer technology Ask an Expert Q: i m electrical engineer i wan link 4 getting knowledge of operational amplifiers and also wan t get link giving knowledge of latest technology on power system hop u will help me Ask an Expert Q: how pharmacy graduate can enter in field of nanotechnology? Ask an Expert Q: Please describe the type of courses you are currently taking to become an electrical engineer? Does EE consist of mostly math text book work or hands on work with circut boards and other materials? While some course work will vary from school to school, there are some basic foundation classes almost any engineering major must take... these generally include calculus, statistics, and some form of physics. Courses more specialized for an electrical engineering degree may include: Intro to Electronics, Engineering ethics, Intro to Programming, Computer Systems, Intro to Nanotechnology, High Speed Digital Design, Linnear and Nonlinnear Circuits, Electromagnetics, and Image Processing and Optical Fiber Communication. Depending on your area of concentration, you may not take all of these, and you may take more of a certain topic. Many of these courses -and engineering classes in general- have lab components, so there will be a significant amount of hands-on learning in addition to textbook work. Ask an Expert Q: I write from Chennai, India. I study toward a diploma in Mechanical Engineering and wish to join later a part time Bachelor of Engineering & Bachelor of Technology program. Ask an Expert Q: I want to present a paper on ultra wideband technology for a programme in our college.please give me relevant info.than Q Ask an Expert Q: Sir, Many times while browsing the different courses and majors being offered by different universities around the world, I come across these 4 terms concerning the diploma: B.E (bachelor of engineering), B. Tech (Bachelor of technology), B.A.Sc (bachelor of applied science) and B.S (Bachelor of Science). All these names are associated with the engineering courses in different colleges and universities around the world. Please help me understand the difference between these terms and tell me which one is more preferable for employment as an engineer graduate. Ask an Expert Q: hello i am doing my information technology.what are all the job opportunities i have in IT field.we've on campus interview in our college.what i have to do to be placed in a M&C. Ask an Expert Q: I am an entering college freshman at UC Irvine who is interested in pursuing a career in nanotechnology, specifically in the field of computing. I understand that chemical engineering is the most obvious route to take as an undergraduate student preparing for higher education in nanotech, but I am highly interested in contemporary computer science and computer engineering. Would an undergraduate degree in computer science and engineering be a viable choice over, say, chemical engineering considering my career aspirations? Would a background in computer engineering be sufficient to prepare me for graduate level study in nanotech (in the context of computer technology)? Ask an Expert Q: Respected Sir, I have done diploma in Computer Technology. Please mail me necessory information related with part time degree (B.E./B. Tech.or equivalent) for Computer stream in Mumbai. Ask an Expert Q: HI My name is Brittany Knight I'm attending western hills design technology and here in my engineering class we are doing a research project on engineers so i would like you to answer a few questions for me if you may. 1. What inspired you to become an engineer? 2. What college did you attend? 3. What classes did you have to take in college? 4. How many years did you have to go to college? 5. What is the salary range for an engineer? 6. What type of work do you do? 7. Do you have any advice for someone that wants to become a mechanical engineer? 8. Do you like your job now that your in the field? 9. Do you have any doubts on becoming a engineer? 10. How many hours do you have to work a week Ask an Expert Q: Hello, My name is Fenton and i am a student at a technology school in Virginia. I have some questions about the field of engineering, inparticularly mechanical engineering. 1) Is your field of work exciting? 2) How rewarding is your job and in what ways is it rewarding? 3) How long have been interested in your profession? 4) What oppurtunities do you think that my generation will have in your profession that you did not have? Ask an Expert Q: Hi. I'm doing my EEE course in India. I'm presenting a paper on the latest technology in EEE(like machines, power electronics etc). Kindly give me some topics n suggestiosn to proceed on with it. Kindly reply mee soon. Ask an Expert Q: Sir,i want to do m.s. in nanotechnology from a reputed college.Could you please guide me thro' this process to give some list of colleges.I comleted engg. in electrical & elecronics.what are the other research ares that i should seek.pre-tnax for information. Ask an Expert Q: how engineer can keep abrest with the development of technology without confining to one's specific roles of discipline Ask an Expert Q: What is the scope in information technology engineering ? Which is better branch electrical engineering or infor mation technology? Ask an Expert Q: hi sir,i am applying for an MS(USA) in automotive technology with an emphasis on internal combustion engines... mr cgpa is 8.5/10 ang gre score is 1300....can you suggest me some good universities where some research work is going on in this field with regards sourabh goel Ask an Expert Q: i have a technology degree is there anyway i could sit for the E.I.T exam in the U.S Ask an Expert Q: RIGHT NOW I M STUDYING ENGG BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 1]AFTER COMPLETING MY ENGG DEGREE HOW CAN I GET DEGREE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY FIELD? 2]AFTER FINISHING MY ENGG WHERE I CAN GET JOBS RELATED TO? 3]AFTER GETTING MY DEGREE WHAT WILL I BECOME WHETHER HARDWARE ENGG OR SOFTWARE ENGG? Ask an Expert Q: RIGHT NOW I M STUDYING ENGG BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 1]AFTER COMPLETING MY ENGG DEGREE HOW CAN I GET DEGREE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY FIELD? 2]AFTER FINISHING MY ENGG WHERE I CAN GET JOBS RELATED TO? 3]AFTER GETTING MY DEGREE WHAT WILL I BECOME WHETHER HARDWARE ENGG OR SOFTWARE ENGG? Ask an Expert Q: RIGHT NOW I M STUDYING ENGG BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 1]AFTER COMPLETING MY ENGG DEGREE HOW CAN I GET DEGREE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY FIELD? 2]AFTER FINISHING MY ENGG WHERE I CAN GET JOBS RELATED TO? 3]AFTER GETTING MY DEGREE WHAT WILL I BECOME WHETHER HARDWARE ENGG OR SOFTWARE ENGG? Ask an Expert Q: I have completed B-tech ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS in this year 2007.I desire to study about nanotechnology related to power transmitted & distribution. when carbon nanotubes are used no power loss.hence we can reduce power problems.which institution is carried about this course? Ask an Expert Q: I AM A NIGERIAN AND RESIDES IN NIGERIA AS AT PRESENT. I HOLD HND(HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA) IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY MAJOR IN ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING FROM A POLYTECHNIC IN NIGERIA. I ALSO HOLD PGD(POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA) IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING MAJOR IN COMPUTER & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FROM A UNIVERSITY IN NIGERIA. CAN I PURSUE A CAREER IN AVIATION WITH SPECIAL INTREST IN AVIONICS. IN FACT. COILD YOU PLEASE ADVICE AND GIUDE ME ON HOW AND WHICH SCHOOL DO I NEED TO GO TO NOW. CAN I BE CONSIDERED FIT FOR A MASTER DEGREE IN AVIONICS ENGINEERING. OR DO I NEED TO START WITH FIRST DEGREE, BSC IN AVIONICS ENGINEERING? IF BSC IN ENGINEERING CONSIDERING MY EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION, DO I HAVE TO START FROM LEVEL ONE OR AT WHICH STAGE DO I START? COULD YOU GUIDE ME ON SCHOOLS OR TRAINING CENTRES THAT I COULD ATTEND TO ACHIEVE MY CAREER GOAL? THANKS AND AWAITING. ADEBAYO OLUYEMI, MOBILE:+234-8027849794 Ask an Expert Q: I just graduated from a technical school(New England Institute of Technology)with my A.S. in electrical technology and was giong for my B.S. in engineering technology. I didn't realize that technical programs focus on application while engineer grads focus on design and theory. Design and theory is where I want to be. So I want to transfer to URI but none of my credits will transfer from New England Tech to URI, so I would need to start from the begining. I don't mind because I really want to be an engineer.Can you give some information about the qualities I need become an engineer, what does it take?? Also, I've been researching the engineer field and there seems to be a lot of writing involved presentations. From what I've read half of the job is writing. Should I worry, because I'm not the best writer? I've given presentations but don't like too. Thank you, Torrey Ask an Expert Q: sir i am a B>TECH in applied elctronics and instrumentation and have a few questions regarding my master degree selection. 1) I have been selected for MS in Electrical degree from Wichita state university and MS in ERP(Information Technology) from UMR this spring session. Which university will be good for me regarding my carreer an job prospects. 2) Sir as i am and electronics and instrumentation engineer if i do specialization in control system what are my prospects or should i go for powe electronics as i am interested in both fieldS? 3)WHat is my prospect if i do master degree in ERP ? 4) can i take part time course in SAp technologies and from where can i do it?how is it linked to industries? Ask an Expert Q: i m doing electrical engineering bachelor in science from a pakistani university ( university of Engineering and technology taxila ) please tell me what will be my status as an engineer if i proceed to western countries ? will i be able to work as a certified engineer ? or what will i have to do to acheive this ? Ask an Expert Q: hi sir i m want to join an institute for doing BSc in nanotechnology and i hav scored 72% in 12th in science stream Ask an Expert Q: i am basicall a b.tech (petrochemical technology) now iam working in a small marine servicing company.. how can i switch over to my core field.. or what will be my prospect in this field here Ask an Expert Q: I am a freshman.I am recently living in Karachi,Pakistan.I am looking forward to take admission in my state engineering university but this university is offering "B.E.(4-year)" degree,which is quite contrast to the B.S. degree offered by most of the universites of the world.Similarly its offering a BCIT(bachelor of computer science and information technology) degree which is quite different to B.S. computer science degree which is accepted all over the world.I just want to know if B.E./B.S./BCIT are same or not.If not,then does B.E and BCIT are recognized all over the world,specially in North American countries. Ask an Expert Q: I AM A 3rd YEAR STUDENT OF AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF BANGLADESH STUDYING IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING. MY QUESTION IS THAT WHAT KIND OF OR WHAT TYPE OF PROJECT I CAN DO WITH RESPECT TO MY LEVEL OF STUDY? & HOW CAN I FIND IT TO DO? Ask an Expert Q: 1.)I'm a current year 11th Science student.I will give my 12th exam in 2009.I want to do M.Tech in Nanotehnology in India.Can I go for it immediately after my 12th?If yes then please give me the list of colleges providing the course & if not then pls. suggest which degree should I take before going for it? 2.)Also tell me the list of colleges that provide nanotechnology courses(Pune university) Ask an Expert Q: i was wondering what the salary of an electrical and computer engineering technology undergraduate would be. i was also wondering how long it would take to complete a master in electrical engineering if hold a bachelors in ECET. what would be a more suitable path to complete a masters if one holds a bachelors in ECET. Ask an Expert Q: I teach at a math, science, technology, and engineering program. I need to find some engineers that could come and talk about different aspects of engineering i.e.: gliders, physics, robots, etc. Do you know of engineers that would volunteer? I live in Marietta, GA. Thank you, Kelly Stephan Ask an Expert Q: Is is possible to go for a masters in aerospace engineering if I get my undergrad degree in Aerospace Technology? Ask an Expert Q: i am from mumbai.i am preparing for engineering entrance exam. i would like to know if i can do electronics and telecommunication engineering(BE) and then do a masters course in nanotechnology? Ask an Expert Q: I am interested in the electrical/electronics field, i have been researching some programs, and trying to decide whether to get an associate in engineering technology or a bachelors in electrical engineering...but i'm stumped on which to choose because the course listing is the same for the associates as it is for the bachelors with the exception of more math, dont u think investing in the bachelors would be more beneficial, because its only 2 more years and i do receive a thorough education on electrical/electronic systems?....i've been told that a 4 year program is all theory and the 2 yr program has more "hands on" work, which is what i'm interested in...i'm just worried i wont receive as much "hands on" experience in a 4 year program because its alot more theory...whats your 2 cents?? Ask an Expert Q: TELL ME ABOUT INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY Ask an Expert Q: With a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering technology will it be harder to find jobs than if I had a BSME? I eventually want to get a MSME, would it be harder to get into a graduate program without the BSME? Ask an Expert Q: I want to study Computer engineering, but I have read a lot about how its more theoretical work than anything else is this true? I was hoping on working with systems and hardwares what kind of engineering would this apply to? Also what is the difference between someone with a computer engineering degree and a computer engineering technology degree I am very confused by this? Ask an Expert Q: Is the technology available for a residential developer to install a completely solar powered neighborhood and if so would it be economically feasible? Ask an Expert Q: EET question - I keep reading that the biggest issue for LCD technology as far as energy usage is the backlighting, so why hasn't someone tried combining LEC with LCD (use an LEC panel as the backlight) for LCD? It would seem that if the LEC panel was replaceable (as I see that their useful life is much less than LCD) that you could combine the 2 into one product that would be highly efficient energy-wise and still use the (at least for now) cheaper LCD technology rather than the expensive OLED? I'm not an engineer, I'm a programmer, so looking at logic as opposed to what is actually physically possible is another issue! Thanks in advance. Ask an Expert Q: I'm a diploma holder in chemical technology. Presently I'm working in Qatar. I want to do B.Tech/B.E in chemical engineering. Is it possible to study from here or what are the colleges offering distance education. Also tell me whether they are deemed or AICTE approved. Kindly help me in this subject. Ask an Expert Q: I would like to know more of the difference between the Electrical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering Technology degrees. They have similar names, but from my limited understanding they are different. Where could i find some more information about the difference between the two degrees and the average salary and types of jobs offered between them? Ask an Expert Q: i am studiny diplamo in information technology, iwant to know about the difference and cause about BE computer science engineering and BTECH information technology.(which is better)please send the information quickly hence i can go on next step in engineering. Ask an Expert Q: I have a desire for cars but I know that mechanics don't make very much; so I just enrolled in electrical engineering technology because I know that with that degree I could support myself. But it's boring so I wanna know that if I switch over to mechanical engineering will I be able to work in the automotive field? Ask an Expert Q: ma"m, myself doing my b.tech in ind.biotechnology..want to pursue do ms in food technology, will u plz tell me abt de scope of food technology, nd which country is preferable for doing this course eagerly wating for ur reply, plz do help me thanking you Ask an Expert Q: Im a Student at Southern Polytechnic University and I am pursuing a job in the engineering field. Is technology reducign the need for new employees in the field nad how is technology changing the way engineers work now? Ask an Expert Q: i am a student currently in the third year of engineering in information technology.i am preparing for GRE exam.is it possible for me to do masters in nanotechnology or robotics?i reside in india Ask an Expert Q: Hi, I am currently a professional pilot major, but I have an intense urge to design and build things: engines, power plants, robotic systems etc. If I choose to change I'll go mechanical engineering. The university I'm attending offers a bachelor program in aerospace technology, should I do this then move on to a graduate program in mechanical engineering, or would it be better to transfer to a different school for my undergraduate and go from there? Thanks Ask an Expert Q: what is spread spectrum technique in wireless technology and how it is different frim other modulation techniques? Ask an Expert Q: Please where can i do Information Technology as a post graduate study, the school & country Ask an Expert Q: sir can u tell me what are scopes of biotechnology Ask an Expert Q: Hi, I'm trying to obtain information for my son regarding obtaining an engineering degree. To be specific I would like to know your impression of Rochester Institute of TechnologyHow it compares to other colleges) and their micro- electical engineering program(how it compares to other engineering fields) Thank you. Your time and consideration is greatly appreciated Ask an Expert Q: Hi Iam john writing from singapore. I have completed my diploma in electronics engg from temasek polytechnic.currently iam working as associate equipment maintenance engineer in the semiconductor field.Inorder to pursue a degree i have applied in two australian universities which is murdoch uni in perth and Queensland university of technology in Brisbane. now iam in a dilema which uni to go for? In murdoch uni i have chosen Instumentation and control engg programme. they have given me 2 yrs advance standing as i will be doing 3/4 th year. they have 6 months attachment programme in the final year which is paid. they also have state of art instumentation plant in thier second campus.they claimed that it is one of the 4 such in world wide. the uni itself has a reputation of good teaching for last12 out of 13 years. where as in QUT brisbane is reputed for theit IT and engg courses.they offer me electrical engg with direct entry to 3rd year.The uni itself in the center of city with modern faciliites and good buildings but when comes to teaching, i heard from previous students saying that the lectures just throw a lot of theory to the students and its up to the students to make it. when it come internship, the student have to find an employer themselves.so i cant determine a UNI just because they have good reputation and good facilities isnt it. pls advice me. appreaciated your kind help Ask an Expert Q: I'm about to finish my high school and I have decided to study an engineering career, I will go to the Tec of Monterrey, but I haven't even determined whether I should study Mechanical engineering with minor in electrical engineering or Mechatronics Engineering, because the 2 careers are very alike, and even though some partners have told me that mecatronics Eng. will substitute Mechanical enginering with minor in electrical Eng, and that it has become an old fashioned career . , I like it a bit more than mechatronics eng. because it has more physics courses. In the future I would like to design heavy or industrial machinery, or even cars,so do you think that Mechanical eng with m, in Elect Eng.still holds a future in industry and the design of machinery and vehicles? Does the industries still require the profile of an engineer such as the Mechanical enginering with minor in electrical for the manufacturing area, or do they need mechatronics engineers rather than the others I would be very glad if you could do me the favor to briefly Check this 2 links where the plans of study of this 2 engineering careers are published in English , so that you could give me your opinion about which one is more recommended to study, based on the plans of study, your own experience , the needs and the tendencies of the industry and the technology https://serviciosva.itesm.mx/PlanesEstudio/Consultas/Planes/ConsultaPlanEstudio.aspx?form=PLANESTUDIO&contenido=caratula&modovista=area&Idioma=ING&claveprograma=IME07&UnaCol=NO&VerReq=&VerEqui= https://serviciosva.itesm.mx/PlanesEstudio/Consultas/Planes/ConsultaPlanEstudio.aspx?form=PLANESTUDIO&contenido=caratula&modovista=area&Idioma=ING&claveprograma=IMT07&UnaCol=NO&VerReq=&VerEqui= Thanks a million for your assistance!!!!!!!!! Ask an Expert Q: Can i carry on to get my degree in automotive engineering after completing my diploma in automotive technology? Ask an Expert Q: Dear sir, I am in a deep search for a technology to remove water from emulsified bilge oily water, we receive large volume of bilge water off ships and we need to separate water and particles and send oil/hydrocarbon for re-refining process, it will be better if we can avoid heating to break the emulsion thank you Ask an Expert Q: Hi; I am an aspiring inventor. I have a particular invention that is revolutionary on paper, but I do not have the engineering skills to even theorize what technology would be used, let alone build a prototype. Therefore, I need the assistance, in confidence, of an engineer who can help me turn my idea into something tangible. I'll pose my questions first, then summarize my needs below. Question #1: Is this technology feasible? Question #2: If so, what engineering field or engineer(s) should I be speaking to. Question #3: How do I go about finding serious engineers who can take my project for a budget and conduct research, testing and builds of my project in secrecy and confidence? I need technology that can transfer a very small amount of data - in computer terms, approximately 100 bytes to 1kb - in less than a second. The data must be transferred without wires but not necessarily using wireless technology. To be more clear, consider having a room full of small beta lights face up on a table top. Each light can transfer a small amount of information to another light if they are in close proximity (less than 1") and directed at each other. However, the other beta lights must not interfere with the transmission, and there needs to be no "identifiers" telling beta light A that he is talking to beta light B. (As in wireless where you have to identify the other source and connect.) A one button toggle would turn the beta light into transmission status and when it sense the other beta light (whose receive toggle was on) it would automatically send the data and the other light would automatically receive the information. The example of "light" is just an example. Light pulse or laser technology may be where I should be looking but I am unsure. Another caveat is that the data is not static - the device must be capable of changing the data it sends based on input from an entirely different platform and in which I already have contacts and engineers. Thanks for your time and I apologize for the cryptic explanation. Jared Ask an Expert Q: My son is very interested in Engineering, however the programs at the local high schools are very hard to get into. Can a background in Commercial Art Technology be helpful in an engineering field. It is the only academy that has an opening for him. Ask an Expert Q: If i do nanotechnology what salary would i be earning...... Ask an Expert Q: Hi!! I am a High School passed out who wants to pursue a Carrier in Engineering... and infront of me.. I have two subjects to choose... 1. Electronics {EEE, ECE,EIE} 2.Information Technology Though Electronics had always been my favourite in High School, but i am confused when i hear about widening scope in IT as well.. Will you please help me in choosing a favourable branch for me? Yours sincerely, Imad Shahid Ask an Expert Q: I have done my BE in Instrumentation and control, I want to know that which technology whether nanotechnology or VLSI would be more faverable to me as an instrumentation engineer for doing postgraduation. Ask an Expert Q: can i do a bachelor of mechanical engineering degree from a university after getting a diploma in mechanical engineering technology in canada. Ask an Expert Q: i am a young and aspiring engineer aged 16 in Africa,Kenya.i have come up with an invention of a bridge plan which i believe would be a break through in science technology as it involves 2 main concepts.the bridge has been in many forums know and i have managed to astonish people with my design.i have recently published a book on the working principles of ny bridge including a fully interactive cd.The only limitation i am experiencing is that i don't know where & how to submit my invention so that it can be analysed and implemented.i have been working on the plan for 2years know and i belieave i have perfected it enough to be impemented.please if anybody can help me archive my goal.i belieave he/she would have saved a drowning ship from its worst nightmare. Ask an Expert Q: What is the best university or institute to study nanotechnology for bachelor degree? Ask an Expert Q: I have just completed my 12th grade. 1) I really want to be an aerospace engineer as i find it very exciting and interesting. 2) But at the same time my favourite subjects are Electromagnetism and semiconductors and people have been trying to tell me i should take up Information and communication Technology. PLEASE TELL ME WHAT SHUD I DO AS I ALSO FEEL THAT THE SUBJECTS MENTIONED ARE MY FAVOURITES. Ask an Expert Q: I have just completed my 12th grade. 1) I really want to be an aerospace engineer as i find it very exciting and interesting. 2) But at the same time my favourite subjects are Electromagnetism and semiconductors and people have been trying to tell me i should take up Information and communication Technology. PLEASE TELL ME WHAT SHUD I DO AS I ALSO FEEL THAT THE SUBJECTS MENTIONED ARE MY FAVOURITES. Ask an Expert Q: i would b really grateful if u tell me if i can pursue an ms in nanotechnology after completing a btech in computer science and engineering.and which subject would i able to take up in nano technology... [medical nano or making nano sized chips n'all or sumthing else?]if not which is a prefferd course in undergrad for ms in nanotech ..is electronic and communication engineering prefferable??] Ask an Expert Q: can i do a b.sc in mechanical engineering degree after getting a diploma in electromechanical engineering technology (2years),in canada? Ask an Expert Q: can i do my b.sc in mechanical engineering degree after getting a diploma degree in mechanical engineering technology(2-years)in canada? Ask an Expert Q: Which engineering discipline would be the most useful to study for a student who is interested in helping develop solar power and other electric generation technology? How about earning a B.S. in electrical engineering and then pursuing a more specialized Master's degree? Ask an Expert Q: i am a 1st yr btech student in information technology.i would like to know more abt music and technologies being a music enthusiast and abt music software development and digital studio development and whats the scope fr it in de U.S.im in INDIA Ask an Expert Q: Would it be possible to break off ice on electrical towers! Before the ice affected the integrity of the towers! Using gradual vibration technology ? Ask an Expert Q: I have a BSEET (electronics engineering technology) degree but have been working in the mechanical drafting & design field for 4 years now. I want to get back to my specific field of electronics engineering. What do you suggest in terms of specific jobs that I should attempt to look for? Have I reached the point of no return? Ask an Expert Q: sir?presentely i m doin b.e.mechanical engineering from birla institute of technology and science,pilani,india. and i want to ursue m.s in aeronautical enginnering can u plz consult me that which couses i can take as electives presently that will help in my m.s. Ask an Expert Q: Hi... I am about to embark in a undergraduate programme but am not sure what type of engineering field i should go into. I find the physical world of strutcure and logical phenomenon the most interesting and easy to understand. I am therefore less interested in something like nano-technology or chemical engineering and more interested in something like structural or civil engineering. I was wanting to know whether civil engineering is a worthwile field to pursue in terms of its future, the pay and the job opportunities in that field with regard to what a civil engineer could major in. please let me know. thank you Luke Ask an Expert Q: 1}What is difference between Compuer engineering and Information technology.Which is more challenging in case of research? 2}Is there any website which offeres free online study material and teaching of these courses. If any please tell me. Thank you! Ask an Expert Q: Hi, I just graduated from Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (Dubai, U.A.E campus) on 27th Aug 2008 in B.E Elec. & Instr. Engg. The problem is that I have a debilitating condition; Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, which includes my Hip, Shoulder and knee joints. This leads to random join flareups, long hours of continuous pain and tiredness, plus I walk on crutches. However, there are times of complete remission where I feel 1000 times more productive and active. I am very saddened and confused by this as it feels like I will never be able to get a good job (RnD or Project development), which requires attendance, punctuality and long hours. On the other hand, Robotics, Multimedia computing, Programming, Visual Art and Product Design are my dreams, its my life, I cannot give up on the creative part of engineering. What should I do? Ask an Expert Q: is it necessary to study technical drawing in high school to study chemical engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology in America Ask an Expert Q: What is nanotechnology? Ask an Expert Q: i am a senior high school student from the Philippines. and i am really interested with airplanes,that's why i decided to take up avionics engineering technology. but i am afraid that i might not passed the course. because my mathematical and scientific ability are just fair and i am not that expert with that area. could you please help me with my decision if i would still take up the course? Ask an Expert Q: I am a year 12 student that really wants to become a civil engineer. However I am having a great deal of trouble finding a university. Do employers place an emphasis on what university its prospective employees attended? I feel that I will achieve the marks required to get into both University of New South Wales (UNSW) and The University of Sydney (Sydney U). However i have heard that these universities courses are mostly theory based and i am really keen in doing the 2 6-month internships that are offered in the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) course. I understand that UNSW and Sydney U are more presigious, but i want the intership that UTS provides. Basically, what i am asking is that would i help my chances of being choosen by an employer if i am UNSW or Sydney U graduate? Thank you very much!! Ask an Expert Q: What is the admission process for undergraduate course in PSG college of technology? Ask an Expert Q: What is the admission process for undergraduate course in PSG college of technology?WHat is Fashion technology?What jobs can one get?How much is the pay? Ask an Expert Q: Hello sir, I've taken a paper presentation programme on"VLSI and NANOTECHNOLOGY"..please guide me through useful resources. Thank you. Ask an Expert Q: What kind of courses did EE degrees consist of in the 1930's? The 1970's How do they compare with now. It seems to me that they had an easier time because there wasn't as much technology as there is now. Ask an Expert Q: Hi, I'm currently a sophomore engineering student majoring in Biomedical Engineering. With this undergraduate major, is it possible to get a masters degree or a PhD in nanotechnology? Ask an Expert Q: What are some topics to consider for my final year project? I am pursuing a Bachelor's [of Technology] Degree in Electrical Engineering. Ask an Expert Q: how to get into indian institute of technology? Ask an Expert Q: I need to know about some websites that provide information on VLSI & NANOTECHNOLOGY. Ask an Expert Q: i have done my B.E in electronics and communications. I am very much interested in nanotechnology and nanoscience. can i apply for a masters in nanotechnology and nanoscience offered by many colleges abroad.? If not, what alternative do you suggest ?. Ask an Expert Q: I am a recently seperated Navy Nuke. I am beginning to work on my nuclear engineering technology degree. What types of careers do people with nuclear engineering technology degrees pursue? Will this degree make it possible for me to further my education with a masters degree in an engineering field? Any information or advice you can give me will be helpful. Thank you. Ask an Expert Q: lam matured man aged 27 from Zimbabwe.lam holder of city and guilds diploma in microcomputers technology.lam looking for college which can offer me aerounatical engineering and financial aid ,lam asking for assistance to pursue my course of interest in USA,JAPAN. thank you for the cooperation Enos Denhere Ask an Expert Q: I am a guidance counselor with a student who wants to be an automotive engineer but has no idea where to get started. He was thinking he needed to study automotive technology first as a background. Is that a good route to take, or should he start with the engineering? Ask an Expert Q: WHAT TYPE OF JOBS CAN I APPLY FOR WITH A BA IN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA Ask an Expert Q: I am a student close to a bachelor's degree in Electronic Engineering Technology (BSEET). After graduation, I would like to continue my education and pursue a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering (BSEE). I've heard of people doing this but can it really be done? If so, about how long would it take? Ask an Expert Q: Hi, I am currently a 1st year undergraduate Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario. My program is Chemistry with a concentration in Nanotechnology. I have always been interested in nanotechnology, and am determined to make it my future profession. I have the option to switch into the University of Waterloo's Nanotechnology Engineering program, which is basically specified for nanotechnology right from first year. My question is, is it better to enter a highly specialized engineering field such as nanotechnology right away for your undergraduate? Or should I stay at Carleton for their concentration in nanotechnology only? Ask an Expert Q: I'm an electrical wireman and wants to get on line tutorials specifically on ELECTRIC GENERATOR SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY. I would like to be able to assemble the Automatic CHANGE-OVER switches. Please let me know if you can assist. Ask an Expert Q: Is there a salary difference for majors in Aeronautical Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering Technology Ask an Expert Q: Dear Sirs I am a jewellery designer and I am looking for an extremely strong and very fine (0.5mm), yet flexible string, that is durable and almost unbreakable. Is there any new material/technology on the market that offers better qualities than nylon? Ask an Expert Q: Hello, I work with 12 school districts, 26,000 students, 1000 classroom teachers, in east central Minnesota. Through a grant we purchased 25 Tandberg H.323 video conference systems we would like to use to deliver content into classrooms. Through the use of these systems we are able to connect directly to nearly any place in the world with a high speed internet connection. What types of programs do offer or would you like to try? I look forward to working with your staff to provide educational experiences for our students and staff. Thank you, -- Jon Larson Technology Integration Specialist East Central Minnesota Educational Cable Cooperative 531 Elmhurst Ave Braham, MN 55006 320-396-5214(office) 320-496-0629(mobile) 320-396-0122(fax) 320-255-2301 E.164 video 64.8.185.2 IP video Ask an Expert Q: Hi I have an AAS from a community college specialized in computer network and some IT certification plus a 3 years of work experience. I was recently laid off and I want to return to school. I was majoring before in live sciences in which I really liked biology, math and to change to the IT just because in need of money and an immediate job. Now, I heard about the nanotechnology program which is only available at Graduate level here in montreal and I dont have a completed undergrade degree. I was trying to get to a graduate study programs considering my work experience but it it very difficult to get accepted. Plus, I really want to be in graduate level. my questions : which engineering program will be best for me to take ? Isnt it too late for me to change a career and start from scratch at 30 years old of age ? Please help Ask an Expert Q: I m the student of a COMSATS Institute of Information technology, Islamabad,Pakistan.Tell me What is the scope of the computer engineering in practical life? Ask an Expert Q: I'm doing a project on how to solve global warming, and I've come up with an idea of generating electricity using transports, ie cars and trains, which work on the principal of electromagnet induction. 1.A car equipped with a magnet drives over the coil embedded in the road. 2.The direction of the magnet’s motion is always perpendicular to the vertical component of the magnetic field. 3.When a wire moves at right angles to a magnetic field, a current is induced in the wire. The voltage of this current is determined by the formula V=BxSxl where V=voltage, B=the strength of the magnetic field, s= the speed of the wire, and l =the length of the wire. 4.The current is then run through the rectifier-battery-inverter complex to convert it to smooth ac. Is this a feasible idea? How much impact will it make in solving global warming? Is a calculation on how much electricity it will generate possible at this point when it's just a prototype? Does a similar technology exist? Ask an Expert Q: I'm currently a Junior in High School and I'm convinced that I want to major in engineering. I like the idea of engineering itself and nothing specific, and therein lies the problem. I don't know how or when I'm ever going to decide what I want to specifically study for. At the forefront I guess I'm looking for something that shows promise in the future. Obviously "the futures engineering jobs" aren't incorporated into college curriculum until after they are established and demand is made, and at that point it's too late because you're competing with thousands of others. I want to be able to think that I am developing and contributing to "the future" and that I won't be stuck with "your a civil engineer, you design bridges and dams." For me personally I thought for the longest time that the future lay in Space, Energy, and Water. Until recently when I realized that space will never be "big" in the near future as the means of profiting from it are lacking (and even if we do find valuable resources out there, the costs of obtaining and transporting them are enormous). So as of now I'm thinking energy will be the "next big thing." How to increase efficiency of existing devices to waste less less energy, how to develop technology using new forms of energy, ect. Sorry for the giant rant but it boggles me sometimes to think about what all the opportunities and random thoughts are open to me and how I have to narrow it down to 1 subject matter to major in. Would it be better to get a major in electrical engineering to keep my options open or opt for specificity such as Aerospace engineering. How did you decide and what were your factors in choosing that major? Ask an Expert Q: What will salary be after completing B-Tech High Current at Central University Technology? And where can I get employed in South Africa? Ask an Expert Q: i would like go in to the engineerig fiel but there is so many that i dont know wich one to go for, i woul like to be person that works with the architects and at the same time the one being in charge of the construction job, pretty much i want to be the one in charge of everything after the architect i know there engineering managemt, constructruction management civil engineering, architectural engineering construcction management technology, bulding construction management, engieneering technology and construction management etc, wich one is the right one for me? at how many years of school im i looking at? am i going to have to major in more than one major? Ask an Expert Q: I am not sure if engineering would be the right fit for me. I am trying to find this out. Please help me! Here is a little bit about me: I find mixing things up like different materials together, and waiting to see the results very exciting. I also have always been fascinated by the galaxy. I am having a difficulty finding finding the right field for me, as I am trying to pick a major for college. In school I enjoyed science alot and was good at it. But I'm not sure this means engineering would be right for me, since I have never been interested in machinery or technology, nor am I creative(I just have an easy time understanding scientific principles and was good at solving chemistry problems with the help of mathematics and also most of the physics problems we were given in high school, but can't imagine I could be creative in applying those principles practically). I am not interested in designing anything. I do not know what I am inetersted in or what I like. I only know what I do not like. By the way I am an international student. Thank you for your time! Ask an Expert Q: I am interested in taking a distance learning course in associate degree in electronic engineering technology at cleveland institute of electronics and eventually a bachelor degree in electronic engineering technology through the world college.Will this degree lead me towards registration as professional engineer in the US?Is this degree recognised in UK?Will the engineering council of UK give me eligibility to register as incoporate or chartered engineer. Thank you for replying Regars Novel Ask an Expert Q: I am a electrical engineering student in college. After years as an industrial electrician, there are a few projects i would like to create. First of all, i would like to create a smart electrical distribution panel. A panel that would be able to monitor the amperage on the neutral bar for each breaker; secondly I would like this panel to have LED indicaters, red for undervoltage/ green for normal voltage and lastly a data base integrated circuit, so future electricians would know changes in the output side in the field. This information would be used as reference later on if a next electrician comes to do electrical work. Do you know if this technology currently exist, interms of a panel like this? Ask an Expert Q: How shall we implement surface computing? actually we are computer science students, want to built digital library through this technology. Ask an Expert Q: gudmorning sir my answer is 1.which is the best branch for engineering now a days?? 2.when we will do biotechnology .we will get job or not.becouse my frnds are told in biotechnology very raer jobs are avalaible in biotechnolgy?this is right sir? Ask an Expert Q: Hi,I am doing my final year UnderGraduate studies in Information Technology.I'm very much interested in Avionics/flight control but don't have much knowledge about aircraft.Can I do my Post Graduation in it?can women excel in this field?which are the colleges offering PG courses in this field in India? Ask an Expert Q: I'm currently enrolled in an industrial engineering technology program. What is the difference between industrial engineering technology and regular industrial engineering? Will an iet degree hinder my future as an industrial engineer? Ask an Expert Q: I am pursuing my b.tech in IT(information technology). I want to be a skilled engineer in my field please tell me how to do that? Actually I want to develop softwares etc..or to do anything innovative. Ask an Expert Q: Hi, I'm a pre-university student from Malaysia. I'm planning to study B. Eng (Hons) in Mechatronic Engineering in an institute located in Malaysia. The award will be from 2 institutes, University College of Technology & Innovation (UCTI), Malaysia and Staffordshire University, UK. Here are the modules of this 4 years course, Level 1 (Year 1) * Analysis of Circuits * Applied Mechanics * Business and Communication Skills * Design Principles * Engineering Materials * Engineering Mathematics 1 * Engineering Mathematics 2 * Fundamentals of Software Development * Introduction to Analogue and Digital Electronics * Introduction to Management Level 2 (Year 2) * Analogue Electronics * Digital Electronics * Communication Engineering Principles * Control Engineering * Product creation Technology * Creativity and Innovation * Engineering Mathematics 3 * Mechanical Principles * CAD / CAM * Research Methods Level 3 (Year 3) * Devices and Fields * Intermediate Robotics * Power Electronics and Machines * Analogue Integrated Circuits and Systems * Mechatronic Design * Project Management * Internship is required. Level 4 (Year 4) * Advanced Robotics * Thermofluids * Sensors and Actuators * Engineer in Society * Project - Mechatronics * Instrumentation * Microprocessor Systems and Embedded Software * Investigations in Mechatronic Engineering * Innovation Management & New Product Design Here is the University's link, http://www.ucti.edu.my/degree54.htm Based on the information, can I be a qualified engineer? Can you give me opinion or suggestion please? Ask an Expert Q: If I have to make a choice between nanotechnology engineering or chemical engineerin as an undergraduatestudent,which one I should opt for? Ask an Expert Q: i am b.tech in nanotechnology from jamia milia islamia.what is the salary range for me? Ask an Expert Q: what is the minimum cut-off marks for aeronautical engineering in Madras Institute of Technology Ask an Expert Q: 1.what is the difference between the two courses, Bachelor of engineering and Bachelor of Technology in mechanical field? Ask an Expert Q: please give me all the details regardind blue eyes technology Ask an Expert Q: BASICALLY WHAT ARE THE MAIN DIFFRENCES AMONG AEROSPACE ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY? Ask an Expert Q: I live in the Maharashtra (Mumbai) in India.I have completed my HSC (12th Grade exam). (1) Do you know what the minimum requirements are from each Indian State or high school affiliation for university admission in medicinal line? If so, what is the minimum cutoff for a person who has completed his/her HSC exam in Mumbai, Maharashtra? (2) What are the minimum academic, as well as non-academic, requirements for a graduate of a high school in India to be admitted to a US university for studies in medicine? (3)which field should we go for if i want to go for aerospace engineering\ nanotechnology\biotechnology? Ask an Expert Q: I live in the Maharashtra (Mumbai) in India.I have completed my HSC (12th Grade exam). (1) Do you know what the minimum requirements are from each Indian State or high school affiliation for university admission in medicinal line? If so, what is the minimum cutoff for a person who has completed his/her HSC exam in Mumbai, Maharashtra? (2) What are the minimum academic, as well as non-academic, requirements for a graduate of a high school in India to be admitted to a US university for studies in medicine? (3)which field should we go for if i want to go for aerospace engineering\ nanotechnology\biotechnology? Ask an Expert Q: I am considering being a Mechanical Engineer, and i am really interested in the green technology field. What types of job titles in this position can i get? I would like to design Wind Turbines, solar panels, etc. Ask an Expert Q: Can you please give me a list of best universities in US, to study automobile engineering technology. Thank you Ask an Expert Q: Currently I am pursuing B.tech in Electrical Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.I have a great interest in Aerospace Engineering especially with a specialization in Control and Dynamics. Will electrical engineering in my bachelors degree help me in the masters in aerospace engineering or only people with a bachelors degree in aerospace or mechanical engineering are preferred?? Based on my requirements which university would help to cater my demands.. Please help.. Thankyou.. Ask an Expert Q: Currently I am pursuing B.tech in Electrical Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.I have a great interest in Aerospace Engineering especially with a specialization in Control and Dynamics. Will electrical engineering in my bachelors degree help me in the masters in aerospace engineering or only people with a bachelors degree in aerospace or mechanical engineering are preferred?? Based on my requirements which university would help to cater my demands.. Please help.. Thankyou.. Ask an Expert Q: dear sir i completed my class 12 in 2009 with 94%. i got an extended merit list rank in iit jee 2009 . and i have chance to get a course like leather technology or agriculture and irrigation engineering in anna university chennai . and i have full chances to get chemical engineering in osmania university hyderabad.as i have decided to pursue my civil servises in future as far as couse is concerned i'm not much adamant but the course must be good course and should have good value in future.should i repeat again and try for iit or should i join a course which i have told u earlier? and please do tell me about leather technoly? and i want to jin only government based reputed coleges for pursuing my engineering. please guide me immeadiately i'm runnng out of time . thanks. Ask an Expert Q: sir, i am a student from india.I have finished my first year, currently i am doing engineering in I.T. branch from thakur college of engineering and technology, kandivali, mumbai. I want to do my remaining engineering from a good college either in america, new zealand or canada. Is it possible for me to continue my engineering from abroad without repeating my first year. My college is affilated to mumbai university and my sem 1 result was 64%. I am still awaiting my 2 nd sem result. If i can do my remaining engineering from the above mentioned countries, please mention the criterion for transfer and give me an elaborate procedure with links. Sir, if there are any scholarship scheme please give me information about it. My college starts from 3 rd august kindly reply at earliest. Ask an Expert Q: Can we do a bachelors in mechanical engineering to pursue a masters in nanotechnology? Ask an Expert Q: I'm student from Malaysia and having a hard time looking for the right course. I want to be an aeronautical engineer, but which course should i take? there's only a small number of University in Malaysia offering courses in that field, and i don't think it's the one i want. here's some example: Diploma in Aircraft Maintenance Technology Manufacturing Diploma in Aircraft Maintenance Technology Composite Diploma in Aircraft Maintenance Technology Avionics Diploma of Engineering Technology in Avionics Maintenance Diploma of Engineering Technology in Aeroplane Maintenance Diploma of Engineering Technology in Helicopter Maintenance can you please help me, i really appreciate it. thank you Ask an Expert Q: I'm a student from Malaysia and also in the science stream (physics, add-maths, chemistry). I want to be an aeronautical engineer but i don't exactly know where to start. Here we only have a small number of Universities and Colleges offering the courses on that particular field and i'm not sure if it's the right one. these are the examples: Diploma in Aircraft Maintenance Technology Manufacturing Diploma in Aircraft Maintenance Technology Composite Diploma in Aircraft Maintenance Technology Avionics Diploma of Engineering Technology in Avionics Maintenance Diploma of Engineering Technology in Aeroplane Maintenance Diploma of Engineering Technology in Helicopter Maintenance Ask an Expert Q: I am a B.E.(Electrical and Electronics) graduate from Indian university. I have been offered masters programme in electrophysics at kth royal institute of technology, sweden. Please guide me about the course, the university, and the job prospects. Ask an Expert Q: Im current pursuing a bachelors in electrical engineering technology(EET). how would my duties and salary differ if I were to change it to electrical engineering(EE)? what are the differences between the two careers? Ask an Expert Q: I just started school at devry university majoring in computer engineer technology. Is this the same as computer engineer? If not, what is the difference? Ask an Expert Q: I am in my junior year and majoring in electrical engineering technology. After gaining experience in working as a technologist, is there a way to become an engineer without going back to school? For example, is there a way that one can take an exam for licensure to becomae a professional engineer if they graduated with a degree in engineering technology? Ask an Expert Q: Hi . I am a freash Engineering passout ( done BE in Mechanical Engineering ) from MDU India. I am doing a PRO-E from Parametric Technology Corporation US affiliated centre . I am keen in joining Merchant Navy as an Engineer. I have heard that the courses are offered in Indian Institutes as well . Which is the best inst and if Merchant Navy is a good option considering job prospects ? Pls advise as I am very confised . Ask an Expert Q: 1. Who do you work for? 2. What skills and values do you think are the most vital in being a Biomedical engineer? 3. Do you specialize in any specific field of Biomedical engineering? If so what? 4. What is the best part about your job? 5. What is the worst part of your job? 6. When did you make up your mind that you wanted to become a Biomedical engineer? 7. What schooling and education did you have before becoming a Biomedical engineer? 8. How does the constant change of new technology affect your job as a Biomedical engineer? 9. What does a typical day on the job consist of? 10. Is there any license or continuing education required to be a Biomedical engineer? 11. What advice would you give to young people interested in becoming an engineer? 12. Is there anything you would like to add? Ask an Expert Q: I am a freshman attending The University of Toledo and I am currently in the Computer Science and Engineering Technology course or program and I was wondering what was the true difference was between this and Computer Science and Engineering (without the Technology) just in general because there are higher requirements for (w/out Technology) than there are for the other... I am assuming because its harder. Would I be better off just taking the "harder" course Ask an Expert Q: I'm an undergraduate student studying B.E in Instrumentation Technology.can you please suggest me how to build a hygrometer for my college project,i will be very thankful to you Ask an Expert Q: can i get m.sc\mtech nanotechnology sample entrance exam paper in indian colleges Ask an Expert Q: What is the best path in engineering to take and apply real world applictions in nano technology for medical research? Ask an Expert Q: Soy una Profesional graduada en un Instituto Universitario de Tecnologpia de Venezuela con título de Técnico Superior Universitario. Según la respuesta dada en "what is the difference between Engineering and Engineering Technology", mis estudios realizados me ubican en una profesional de Engineering Technology. Quiero aplicar para el Engineering in Electronics Program y quiero saber si mis estudios son base para las equivalencias en la University of Alberta? Ask an Expert Q: cual es la differencia entre un civil eng. y un civil eng, in technology Ask an Expert Q: I pretty intereseted about electronics applicated to aeronautics, specially on the control area. Such as the automatic pilots. Also I'm interested on turbines and potency generators, so I was thinking about working on energy plants that is a pretty common (and also well paid) engineer job in my country. I'm from Peru and here we don't have many possibilities to think about aeronautics development because it isn't a serious concern to my country. I love both of them but I dream about myself working as an aeronautics engineer assembling a big turbine . I was wondering if you could help me on this decision (how is the work they do) and also give me some real options to develop myself abroad like internships or something else. I love investigation but also love applied science in order to create new technology. I'm studying mechatronics engineering. Thank you so much for you answer. Ask an Expert Q: What is an engineer? Dreamer. Innovator. Researcher. Problem Solver. Inventor. Creator. All are terms that aptly describe the characteristics of an engineer. As an engineer you might develop the next generation of the iPad, or a medical device that will help doctors treat an illness, or a spacecraft that will carry humans to Mars, or a system that can bring clean water to an underdeveloped region, or a new power source that is sustainable and provides clean energy, or a device that can detect toxic agents and chemicals, or a new building that is earthquake safe. Using basic foundations in mathematics and science, engineers apply their technical knowledge to conceive, design and implement new processes, products and systems that make our everyday lives possible. Engineers are those at the cutting edge of technology who through innovation, creativity and change provide for our safety, health, security, comfort and recreation. Being an engineer is challenging and rewarding. Being an engineer is coming up with solutions to problems that no one else knows the answer. Being an engineer is being part of a profession that makes life better for humanity. Being an engineer is finding the answers to the challenges that confront society. Being an engineer is about making a difference and if that sounds exciting it might be the right career choice for you. To learn more, explore the following TryEngineering resources: Engineering majors Engineering technology majors TryEngineering Today! news Ask an Expert Q: What can I do with an engineering degree? Anything you want. An engineering degree can provide you with access to any field, any profession, any industry or any career you might be interested in pursuing. To begin, getting an engineering degree qualifies you to work as an engineer. And the great thing about the engineering profession is that the opportunities are limitless. There are many fields you can choose from including, electrical, mechanical, industrial, safety, chemical, aerospace, petroleum, biomedical, ocean and mining just to name a few. There are many more. From these fields you can choose from many different types of engineering functions that include design, analysis, test, production, operations and sales. Every industry you can list today, and just a few are: transportation, energy, entertainment, medicine, consumer products, agriculture, telecommunications, computer, power, shipping and food processing need engineers as part of their everyday business and operations. So your options with an engineering degree in the engineering profession depend on what you want to do and your own interests. But it doesn’t stop there. Getting an engineering degree can open the door to other professions as well. The process of becoming an engineer involves learning how to understand a problem, devise solutions and then being able to implement them. Engineering students learn how to apply their knowledge to become problem solvers. This type of thinking process is critical to today’s business world and almost every profession. Many engineering graduates today are pursuing careers in law, medicine and business. In a report published several years ago of the S & P 500 companies, 20% of the CEOs had engineering undergraduate degrees, about equal to those with business degrees. In a world increasingly connected to technology, having a background and understanding in engineering, and a thinking process geared toward developing solutions will enable an engineering graduate to chart his or her own path. Whether it’s in engineering, or law, or medicine or business, the engineering graduate has the advantage. To learn more, explore the following TryEngineering resources: Engineering majors Engineering technology majors Ask an Expert Q: What areas of engineering are in most demand? With engineering being a part of nearly all aspects of today’s modern world, innovative thinkers who can solve problems will always be in demand, regardless of the specific discipline they studied in school.  Moreover, it is not uncommon for an engineer to work in multiple disciplines over the course of their professional career.  With that in mind, don’t feel like you must choose a discipline based solely on the demand in that area right now. The fact that a particular discipline is in high demand right now does not guarantee that it will still be in high demand in 4-5 years when you are searching for your first job. The demand in particular areas of engineering (and thus salary levels) tends to have a cyclical trend; disciplines that are in high demand during one decade tend to become less attractive in the following years before “coming back” into demand.  The areas of engineering that are in most demand will also vary from country to country.  In general, demand considerations should probably be secondary in your choice of field.  Instead, give preference to what you are interested in and the kind of work you want to do.  If you perform well in any of the engineering fields, you will almost certainly find yourself in high demand regardless of the discipline you choose initially. To learn more, explore the following TryEngineering resources: Engineering majors Engineering technology majors Ask an Expert Q: What skills do I need to develop to become an effective engineer? There are many qualities and skills an individual needs to become an effective engineer and to have a successful career.  Engineering is dynamic so it needs people who can work across disciplines, with others, and continually adapt to new challenges.  Good technical skills are of course also essential. In preparation for an engineering career you should focus on developing a variety of skills, including: Technical Competence:  The focus is on having the necessary technical skills and ability to carry out your job.  While an engineering education will provide the foundation of this knowledge, as technology is constantly advancing you will be expected continue to learn throughout your career.  Communications Skills:  To be in effective engineer you must have the ability to communicate, both in writing and orally.  Focus on your writing skills, consider  developing a competency in a second language and also develop your public speaking skills. A good communicator has influence and most importantly, gets noticed.  Leadership Skills:  Leadership is more than just the position you’re in, it’s about action.  An example where you will need leadership skills is during project management where you will need to plan, set priorities, delegate, make decisions and to influence people. To help you develop these skills get involved in a civic, school, professional or church group as a volunteer.  Teamwork: To be an effective engineer you will need the ability to work in a team environment. Volunteer activities will also allow you to gain experience of team working.  Problem solving: As an engineer your job will be to come up with the answers and to do that you need the ability to think, to look at the issues and come up with a solution.  Good engineers are therefore to be able to think critically, analyze options and to create great solutions to problems that they have not encountered before. Summary: To be an effective engineer you don’t need to master each of these qualities and skills.  The successful engineer is well-rounded, with knowledge of the key skills and an ability to apply them when needed.  It will take effort on your part, but the fun is in the learning and the reward is accomplishing your tasks and seeing the impact your work will have on society.   To learn more, explore the following TryEngineering resources: Preparation tips Lesson Plans Shake it up with Seismographs! Lesson focuses on exploring how the development of seismographs has helped save lives around the world. Students work in teams to design their own seismograph out of everyday items, and test its ability to record a simulated classroom earthquake. Students evaluate their own seismographs, those of classmate teams, and present findings to the class. Lesson Plans Working with Wind Energy Lesson focuses on how wind energy can be generated on both a large and small scale. Student teams design and build a working windmill out of everyday products and learn about anemometer and site testing. Student windmills must be able to sustain the wind generated by a fan or hairdryer at medium speed at 2 feet and rotate, lifting a small object upward. Students evaluate the effectiveness of their windmill and those of other teams, and present their findings to the class. Lesson Plans A Century of Plastics Lesson focuses on how plastics of all sorts have been engineered in to everyday products over the past century, with emphasis on materials selection and engineering. Lesson Plans Adaptive Device Design Lesson focuses on the engineering of adaptive or assistive devices, such as prosthetic devices, wheelchairs, eyeglasses, grab bars, hearing aids, lifts, or braces. Lesson Plans Build Your Own Robot Arm Develop a robot arm using common materials. Students will explore design, construction, teamwork, and materials selection and use. Lesson Plans Cracking the Code Lesson focuses on how computerized barcodes have improved efficiency in product distribution; explores the barcoding process and engineering design. Lesson Plans EEEEK- A Mouse! Lesson focuses on computer and mechanical engineering and explores how computer mice operate and how engineering provided an interface between man and machine. Lesson Plans Give Me a Brake Lesson focuses on brakes, force, and friction, using bicycle rim brakes to demonstrate basic braking mechanisms to stop, slow, or prevent motion. Lesson Plans Heart of the Matter Lesson focuses on the engineering and operation of artificial heart valves, and the interface between man and machine. Lesson Plans Here Comes the Sun Lesson focuses on solar panel design, and its application in the standard calculator. It explores how both solar panels and calculators operate and explores simple circuits using solar power. Lesson Plans Engineering Air Traffic Lesson focuses on the engineering behind air traffic control systems. Students work in teams to evaluate data generated for a virtual air traffic system, and determine a plan to bring three planes safely through a set airspace. They then recommend engineering enhancement to the current system. Lesson Plans Hand Biometrics Technology Lesson focuses on engineering applications of biometric technologies for identification or security applications. After exploring hand geometry biometrics, students work in teams of "engineers" to evaluate pros and cons of incorporating a hand recognition biometric technology into a new security system for a museum. Lesson Plans Infrared Investigations Lesson focuses on how infrared technology is used by engineers creating equipment and system for a variety of industries. Teams of students explore the application of infrared in remote controls, test materials that encourage or prevent infrared transmission, and develop systems that allow transmission of infrared in restricted environments. Lesson Plans Engineered Sports Lesson focuses on how the principles of aerospace engineering have impacted golf ball design, along with equipment used in other sports. Students analyze the use of dimples on golf balls, and work as a team of engineers to determine whether adding dimples to airplanes would increase fuel efficiency for the airline industry. They also explore the physics of bounce as it relates to several sports balls. Lesson Plans Cast Your Vote Lesson focuses on how technology and engineering impact society, and how poll-taking has been influenced by engineering over time. Students design and construct a voting or polling machine out of everyday items, then evaluate the effectiveness of the design. Lesson Plans Exploring at the Nanoscale Lesson focuses on how nanotechnology has impacted our society and how engineers have learned to explore the world at the nanoscale. Students participate in hands-on activities to understand exactly how small the nanoscale is, explore how surface area changes at the nano scale, and work in teams to develop futuristic applications of nanotechnology. Lesson Plans Find it with GPS! Lesson focuses on exploring how the development of global positioning systems has revolutionized both defense and consumer product engineering. Students work in teams to understand the technology behind GPS, explore current applications, and brainstorm new applications for global use of GPS. They use both a simple GPS handheld device and online resources to understand the functioning and potential of this engineering technology. Lesson Plans Measuring the Wind Lesson focuses on how anemometers are engineered to measure the speed of wind, and how designs have changed over time. Student teams design and build a working anemometer out of everyday products and learn about how anemometers are used for feasibility tests on locations considering alternative energy from wind turbines. Student anemometers must be able to sustain the wind generated by a fan or hairdryer at varying speed and students must develop a way to measure and chart rotations at different wind speeds. Students evaluate the effectiveness of their anemometer and those of other teams, and present their findings to the class. Lesson Plans Waterproof that Roof! Lesson focuses on how structural engineers have improved the designs of building -- specifically roofing -- over the years to improve the quality of homes and life. Teams of students work together using simple materials to design a roof that will keep the contents of a box dry during a water test. Students determine both the shape of the roof and materials used for construction, test their designs, and present their findings to the class. Lesson Plans Engineer a Cane Lesson focuses on how engineers improve assistive devices such as a cane to meet the needs of the elderly. Students work in teams to re-engineer a cane for a "client." They are assigned a client profile, develop a design to suit the needs of the user, and those in older grades build a working prototype of their design. Lesson Plans Nano Waterproofing Lesson focuses on how nanotechnology has impacted the design and engineering of many everyday items, from paint to fabrics. Students learn about the hydrophobic effect and how similar properties can be introduced by reengineering products at the nano level. Students work in teams to develop a waterproof material and compare their results with nano waterproof materials developed recently by engineers and scientists. Lesson Plans What is a Nanometer? Lesson focuses on how to measure at the nano scale and provides students with an understanding of how small a nanometer really is."Students learn about electron microscopes, participate in hands-on activities to measure common classroom objects in the metric scale, and then convert the result to nanometers. Lesson Plans Stop And Go Lesson focuses on how engineers have developed and improved traffic management over time by engineering and re-engineering the traffic light. Students work in teams to design a new traffic light system to meet the needs of a potential client. They must devise a system or technical enhancement to accommodate a busy bicycle lane and roadway that intersects a hospital emergency room entrance. As a team they devise their planned improvements, draw a design of the improved traffic signal, develop a written and verbal presentation to the client, present their designs to the class, provide feedback on other team's designs, and share observations about re-engineering. Lesson Plans Be A Scanning Probe Microscope Lesson focuses on how engineers have developed and use special tools that can observe the landscape of materials when they are working at the nano scale. Students learn about Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPM) and then work in teams using a pencil to explore and identify the shape of objects they cannot see, just as the SPM does at the nano level. They draw what their mind "sees" on paper, compare their results with other student teams, and share observations with their class. Lesson Plans Fizzy Nano Challenge Lesson focuses on how materials behave differently as their surface area increases. Students learn about nanotechnology and how engineers can harness the differences in how materials behave when small to solutions for challenges in many industries. Students work in teams to explore examples of how surface area impacts functionality. They hypothesize how surface area will impact the performance of antacid tablets, conduct an experiment using whole and crushed tablets to see how they behave when introduced to water, observe what they see, extrapolate to other examples, compare their hypotheses and the results with those of other student teams, reflect on the experience, and share observations with the class. Lesson Plans Folding Matters Lesson focuses on how the process of folding has impacts on engineering and is evident in nature. Students consider many applications of folding such as parachutes, wings in a cocoon, heart stents, and solar panels in space. They work in teams to create a model out of everyday items of a solar panel that can be folded (for transport) and expanded (in space). Students design their solar panel on paper, build it for transport, and open or test it. All teams evaluate their results, reflect on their design, and present to the class. Lesson Plans The Power of Graphene Lesson focuses on graphene and its electrical properties and applications. Students learn about nanotechnology and how engineers can harness the differences in how materials behave when small to address challenges in many industries. Students work in teams to hypothesize and then test whether graphene is an electrical conductor or insulator. They build a simple circuit using everyday items, and create a graphene sample using soft pencils on paper. They observe what they see, extrapolate to broader applications, present their ideas to the class, and reflect on the experience. Lesson Plans Try Your Hand at Nano Lesson focuses on two simple activities younger students can do to gain an appreciation of nanotechnology. First, students measure their hands in nanometers, second students learn about liquid crystals, their applications and nanotechnology connections and test how the heat of their hands changes the color of the crystals. They observe what they see, present their findings to the class, and reflect on the experience. Lesson Plans Search Engines Lesson focuses on exploring how the development of search engines has revolutionized Internet. Students work in teams to understand the technology behind search engines and explore how they can retrieve useful information using search engines. 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